One of the keys to national development in developing countries like Nigeria is the diversification of economy. Nigeria’s economy depends majorly on crude oil. The oil sector continue to face challenges like price drop in international market, corruption, reduced quantity of production as forecasted (although new oils are been drilled). These among others makes it necessary for the country to diversify its economy. Agriculture is one of the areas Nigeria have started investing into. New methods are necessary for fast improvement in the sector among which is geophysics. The need for Agricultural Geophysics to be considered for national economic development is discussed. Geophysics as a branch of science that deal with physical processes and phenomena occurring in the earth and its vicinity is applicable to many fields that contribute to the development of the economy of any nation. Such fields include oil, Agriculture, natural resources among others. Geophysical methods applicable in Agriculture like resistivity, electromagnetic induction, and Ground penetrating radar are discussed with their applications in agriculture. The various geophysical methods that are useful in agriculture are reviewed and necessity of their application is also emphasized.

This chapter is aimed at demonstrating how the second vertical derivative method is been applied to gravity data for subsurface delineation. Satellite gravity data of some part of Northern Nigeria that lie between latitude 11°–13°E and longitude 8°–14°N obtained from Bureau Gravimetrique International (BGI) were used for demonstration. The Bouguer graph was plotted using surfer software. The second vertical derivative graph was also plotted. Very low gravity anomalies are observed on the Bouguer map, which recommends the presence of sedimentary rocks which have low density. The result of the second vertical derivative method has improved weaker local anomalies, defined the edges of geologically anomalous density distributions, and identified geologic units. This is a clear implication that the second vertical derivative is very important in subsurface delineation.