Same Language Subtitling (SLS) is the idea of subtitling the lyrics of songbased television programs (e.g., music videos), in the same language as the audio. Situated in a literature review of subtitling, this article describes the first-ever implementation of SLS on a TV program of film songs, specifically for first-language literacy. Chitrageet, a weekly 30-minute TV program of Gujarati film songs, was telecast across Gujarat state in India, with the lyrics subtitled in Gujarati. We discuss the results of the pilot study to test the effectiveness of SLS of film songs on the reading skills of out-of-school people. With limited exposure to SLS within a telecast period of 6 months, SLS was found to make an incremental but measurable contribution to decoding skills, across the group that generally saw the subtitled TV program (as compared to those who did not). Viewer testimonies further strengthen the case for SLS beyond quantifiable improvement, as a simple and economical idea for infusing everyday television entertainment with reading and writing (or scriptacy) transactions. The potential of SLS in India and other countries is enormous. The idea is especially powerful in popular culture for scriptacy skill improvement, motivation of nonscriptates, increasing viewers' exposure and interaction with print from early childhood, and increasing media access among the deaf. Copyright (c) 2005 Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Globally disease outbreaks as a result of the consumption of contaminated food and feedstuffs are a regular primary problem. The foremost elements contributing to contamination are microorganisms, particularly fungi, which produce low-molecular weight secondary metabolites, with demonstrated toxic properties that are referred to as mycotoxins. Aflatoxins contaminate agricultural commodities and may cause sickness or fatality in humans and animals. Moreover, poor conditions of storage and a deficiency in regulatory measures in food quality control aggravate the main issue. For that reason, mycotoxin-related illness of nutrition represents a major health hazard for local populations. Government policies should make regulations aiming to avoid the entry of aflatoxins into food stuffs. For consumer safety, control and management strategies should be developed and implemented by regulatory authorities. There is the need for attention from farmers, scientists, government and collaborative minds throughout the country to ensure aflatoxin-free food. The present review is informative not only for health-conscious consumers, but also for relevant authorities with respect to paving the way for future research aiming to fill the existing gaps in our knowledge with regard to mycotoxins and food security. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

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Ralstonia solanacearum is the causal agent of bacterial wilt disease of solanaceous crops, which is a severe obstacle to the production of brinjal along with other crops. R. solanacearum strains are isolated from different fields of Karnataka, India, and are characterised to determine the distribution and diversity of soil-borne pathogen. The isolated strains of R. solanacearum showed maximum identity as biovar 2. The genetic diversity was analysed among the isolated strains compared with worldwide sequence deposited with NCBI, by 16S rDNA sequence through phylogenetic orientation. This comparison confirms that isolates were originated from Asia and are different from American and European strains. Among our isolates 65% of variation was recorded with that of R. solanacearum in Asian strains. Sequence analysis also confirms the isolated strains as R. solanacearum with 99% homology with BLAST programme. Hence, the present study reports on the rapid identification of R. solanacearum which overcomes conventional diagnostics and helps in early and rapid disease diagnosis. Here, we determined genetic diversity and relationship of R. solanacearum complex of India with other countries using 16S rDNA sequences. IntroductionBrinjal (Solanum melongena L.) is grown as important vegetable crop in India and also other Asian counties. We are the second largest producers of brinjal next to China; the production quantity is about 11 million tones and the area under cultivation of brinjal in India is 0.7 million ha, yield being 174,941 hg/ha (hg = hectogram) (FAO 2012). The productivity of brinjal is very low compared to other counties; this is mainly because of biotic and abiotic stresses in plant. Major factors that contribute to the yield loss are pathogens of diverse origin. Wilting is the major problem associated with brinjal caused by the Ralstonia solanacearum followed by fungal wilt caused by Fusarium and Verticillium species. There were many strategies developed to control these fungal agents, but now-a-days bacterial wilt plays major role in decreasing yield and productivity of brinjal in the farmers' fields of Karnataka, India.R. solanacearum is an economically important, bacterial wilt causing plant pathogen which affects a wide range of crops. R. solanacearum survives in the soil for many years; weeds serve as symptomless carriers. This pathogen is found in all six continents

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