Objectives: Vitamins play critical roles in cellular metabolism, growth, and many enzymatic processes of the human body. They are also crucial in signal transduction and transcription pathways of many processes, including osteoclast differentiation. This review focused on the positive or negative effect of vitamins on osteoclast differentiation in vivo and in vitro, especially signal transduction. Methods: A systematic review of the literature regarding the contributions of the osteoclast differentiation and vitamins was performed, and the most relevant findings on the effect of vitamins on osteoclast differentiation were selected. Results: Vitamin D, E, B1, B5, B6, and B12 have mainly anti-osteoporotic effects; however, their mechanism on osteoclast differentiation and activation are variable. Vitamins A and C have been considered to activate osteoclast differentiation and function, but some report a suppressive effect on osteoclast function. Vitamin K and B2 exert an inhibitory effect on osteoclast differentiation and activation both in vitro and in vivo. In contrast, a direct action of niacin, biotin, and folic acid on osteoclast differentiation and activation remains unclear. Conclusions: Collectively, vitamins act on osteoclast differentiation and function in various ways depending on cell type, cell maturation and microenvironment.

Purpose: Investigate specific characteristic of blood supply of fetal vertebral bodies. Material & Methods: 16-30 week aged 20 fetuses (10 male, 10 female) were used for the study. Norms and requirements of Bio-Medical Ethics have not been violated in the use of human material in the study. Black-ink perfusion and cast of substance absorbing X-ray were applied in the fetuses. Results: Three concentric zones could be distinguished in the vascular architecture of the fetal vertebral bodies. 1) The peripheral zone of perichondrial vessels; 2) The intermediate zone of radial vessels. 3. The central zone of the ossification centre vessels. We used black-ink perfusion and cast of substance absorbing X-ray were applied in the fetuses. Periosteum of fetal vertebral bodies are distributed originating from fine arteries of 70-120 diameter and arterioles of 30-50 diameter which are part of arteries of network of micro blood circulation. Venules are followed along two sides of this arteriole and short precapillaries are branched out in tree-like manner from it forming capillary network surrounding arteriole and capillary plexuses. Postcapillaries branched from the network are being emerged the venules accompanied arterioles. Conclusions: Micro blood circulatory system of the vertebrae has angion structure. The peripheral zone of perichondrial vessels has combined blood supply surrounded by blindly ending capillary network drained up and down from the central zone. The central zone of vertebral body is supplied with blood by the main arteriole.

Objective: This study was aimed to determine anthropometric measurements of knee joint among healthy Mongolian population and identify FML (Femur Medial Lateral), TML (Tibia Media Lateral), PML (Patella Medial Lateral), PAP (Patella Anterior Posterior), FAP (Femur Anterior Posterior) and TAP (Tibia Anterior Posterior). Methods: This cross-sectional study included 100 participants. We measured femoral, tibial and patellar dimensions using X-ray. Result: A total of 100 participants (44 male, 56 female participants) enrolled in this study. Age was ranged 20-59 and average age was 38 ± 9. Average FAP was 70.6 ± 1.22 mm in male and 66.9 ± 3.93 mm in female. Average TML in male was 85.6 ± 1.27 mm and 79.1 ± 0.8 mm in female. Average TAP was 60.1 ± 4.87 mm in male and 55.7 ± 4.96 in female. Average PAP was 22.5 ± 2.83 mm in male and 23.8 ± 2.43 mm in female. Average PML was 50.2 ± 1.45 mm in male and 46.8 ± 4.09 mm in female. Knee anthropometric measurements were statistically different in gender (P < 0.0002). Conclusion: Participants average FML was statistically lower than Asian and European people and FAP was statistically higher than them.

Objective: This study aimed to identify correlations of laboratory test results and knee joint function between pre-and post-operation of knee joint replacement surgery. Methods: The study covered 60-75 aged 50 patients who had operated with knee replacement surgery. 25 patients were male and another 25 patients were female. We compared laboratory test results of preand 3 rd , 7 th and 14 th day of post-operation. Moreover, pre-operation knee joint function was compared with 3 rd , 7 th , 14 th and 30 th day of post-operation. Furthermore, we investigated the relationship among WBC, hemoglobin and function tests. Pre-and post-operative knee joint function tests were conducted by WOMAC (The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis), VAS (Visual Analogue Scale), TUG (Time up and Go) score, and MMT (Muscle Manual Test). Results: In pre-operation, patients' average WBC was 6.447 ± 2.115 cells/µL, monocyte was 6.554 ± 3.101 cells/µL, lymphocyte was 31.177 ± 9.512 cells/µL and C-reactive protein was 0.6205 ± 0.922 mg/dL. In 3 rd day of post-operation, WBC was 8.901 ± 2.869 cells/µL, monocyte was 4.881 ± 2.332 cells/µL, lymphocyte was 17.048 ± 9.702 cells/µL and C-reactive protein was 4.2762 ± 2.293 mg/dL. There was a statistically significant difference reported on pre-and post-operation pain, stiffness and daily activity (P < 0.001). On the other hand, patients' post-operative TUG score was significantly higher than pre-operative TUG scores (P < 0.0001). Furthermore, hemoglobin, red blood cell and TUG score of the 3 rd day of post-operation were raised up and they were statistically significant (P < 0.036