Shale compaction behavior is complex and differs from sandstone. The compaction trend shows marked changes in the physical properties with increasing depth. Therefore, the porosity-depth curve in the shallow section is not well established. Several authors published porosity-depth curves in which vary considerably, particularly in the shallow part of the compaction trend. Deep shale compaction curves show deviations in the trend of porosity decreasing with depth, especially at shallow depths where mechanical compaction is dominant and this suggests that mechanical compaction is not the only factor causing porosity change and that geological time is another important factor to be considered. In this study twenty-two sets of published data on deep shale compaction up to a depth of 5 km from various sedimentary basins around the world were synthesized and analyzed to depict the effect of geological age on deep shale compaction curves. A time-dependent solution of the compaction equation with porosity as the variable was revisited, based on which and in combination with multivariate curve-fitting of the collected compaction data, a new and easilyused mathematical model of porosity-depth-geological time was derived. Finally, research results substantiate that a burial depth (overburden pressure) cannot be considered only for studying mechanical compaction of shales, the geological age (an effect of time) is necessary to take into account.

The coastal areas of Phuket Island are facing the risk of seawater intrusion, because intense anthropic activity due to urbanization and the expansion of tourism influences coastal hydrologic systems. Indeed, the Kamala sub-district—on the western part of Phuket Island—is a well-known and attractive destination for tourists. Previous research indicates that there is likely to be a seawater intrusion in Kamala. The main purpose of this study was to delineate the seawater intrusion problem in a coastal aquifer in Kamala. Geo-electrical surveys of four lines were successfully conducted in the study area. Two-dimensional (2D) inversion models from the resistivity data show high-resolution subsurface resistivity anomalies of seawater intrusion. The concentration of the seawater intrusion decreases eastward toward the inland areas. Based on a sample measurement, the contaminated zone of seawater has a resistivity value smaller than 30 Ohm-m, and the empirical relationship between the formation conductivity and fluid conductivity of the study area was established. Finally, time-lapse Electrical Resistivity Imaging (time-lapse ERI) was conducted to prove that there was no presence of clay layers in study area; thus, the low resistivity plumes (smaller than 30 Ohm-m) were scientifically interpreted as being seawater intrusion.

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