Preface xiii Chapter 1 Introduction to Transit Service Planning 1.1 Motivation 1.2 The operational planning decomposition process 1.3 Service and evaluation standards and their derivatives 1.4 Viability perspectives 1.5 Outline of other chapters References Chapter 2 Data Requirements and Collection 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Data-collection techniques 2.3 Data requirements 2.4 Basic statistical tools 2.5 Literature review and further reading References Chapter 3 Frequency and Headway Determination 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Max load (point check) methods 3.3 Load profile (ride check) methods 3.4 Criterion for selecting point check or ride check 3.5 Conclusion (two examples) 3.6 Literature review and further reading Exercises References Chapter 4 Timetable Development 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Objectives, optional timetables and comparison measures 4.3 Even headways with smooth transitions 4.4 Headways with even average loads 4.5 Automation, test runs and conclusion 4.6 Literature review and further reading Exercises References Chapter 5 Advanced Timetables I: Maximum Passenger Load 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Even max load on individual vehicles 5.3 Optimization, operations research and complexity 5.4 Minimum passenger-crowding timetables for a fixed vehicle fleet Exercise References Chapter 6 Advanced Timetables II: Maximum Synchronization 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Formulating an OR model for synchronization 6.3 The Synchro-1 Procedure 6.4 The Synchro-2 Procedure 6.5 Examples 6.6 Literature review and further reading Exercises References Chapter 7 Vehicle Scheduling I: Fixed Schedules 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Fleet size required for a single route 7.3 Example of an exact solution for multi-route vehicle scheduling 7.4 Max-flow technique for fixed vehicle scheduling 7.5 Deficit-function model with deadheading trip insertion 7.6 Depot-constrained vehicle scheduling 7.7 Literature review and further reading Exercises References Appendix 7.A: The maximum-flow (max-flow) problem Chapter 8 Vehicle Scheduling II: Variable Schedules 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Fleet-size lower bound for fixed schedules 8.3 Variable trip-departure times 8.4 Fleet-size lower bound for variable schedules 8.5 Fleet-reduction procedures 8.6 Experiences with bus schedules 8.7 Examination and consideration of even-load timetables Exercises References Appendix 8.A: Deficit-function software vi Contents Chapter 9 Vehicle-type and Size Considerations in Vehicle Scheduling 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Optimization framework 9.3 Procedure for vehicle scheduling by vehicle type 9.4 Examples 9.5 Vehicle-size determination 9.6 Optimal transit-vehicle size: literature review Exercises References Chapter 10 Crew Scheduling

Preface xiii Chapter 1 Introduction to Transit Service Planning 1.1 Motivation 1.2 The operational planning decomposition process 1.3 Service and evaluation standards and their derivatives 1.4 Viability perspectives 1.5 Outline of other chapters References Chapter 2 Data Requirements and Collection 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Data-collection techniques 2.3 Data requirements 2.4 Basic statistical tools 2.5 Literature review and further reading References Chapter 3 Frequency and Headway Determination 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Max load (point check) methods 3.3 Load profile (ride check) methods 3.4 Criterion for selecting point check or ride check 3.5 Conclusion (two examples) 3.6 Literature review and further reading Exercises References Chapter 4 Timetable Development 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Objectives, optional timetables and comparison measures 4.3 Even headways with smooth transitions 4.4 Headways with even average loads 4.5 Automation, test runs and conclusion 4.6 Literature review and further reading Exercises References Chapter 5 Advanced Timetables I: Maximum Passenger Load 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Even max load on individual vehicles 5.3 Optimization, operations research and complexity 5.4 Minimum passenger-crowding timetables for a fixed vehicle fleet Exercise References Chapter 6 Advanced Timetables II: Maximum Synchronization 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Formulating an OR model for synchronization 6.3 The Synchro-1 Procedure 6.4 The Synchro-2 Procedure 6.5 Examples 6.6 Literature review and further reading Exercises References Chapter 7 Vehicle Scheduling I: Fixed Schedules 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Fleet size required for a single route 7.3 Example of an exact solution for multi-route vehicle scheduling 7.4 Max-flow technique for fixed vehicle scheduling 7.5 Deficit-function model with deadheading trip insertion 7.6 Depot-constrained vehicle scheduling 7.7 Literature review and further reading Exercises References Appendix 7.A: The maximum-flow (max-flow) problem Chapter 8 Vehicle Scheduling II: Variable Schedules 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Fleet-size lower bound for fixed schedules 8.3 Variable trip-departure times 8.4 Fleet-size lower bound for variable schedules 8.5 Fleet-reduction procedures 8.6 Experiences with bus schedules 8.7 Examination and consideration of even-load timetables Exercises References Appendix 8.A: Deficit-function software vi Contents Chapter 9 Vehicle-type and Size Considerations in Vehicle Scheduling 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Optimization framework 9.3 Procedure for vehicle scheduling by vehicle type 9.4 Examples 9.5 Vehicle-size determination 9.6 Optimal transit-vehicle size: literature review Exercises References Chapter 10 Crew Scheduling

One of the most common strategies used by authorities to promote ridership of public transport (PT)

No abstract

This work focuses on modeling vehicle acceleration-deceleration behavior during freeway and ramp merging maneuvers under congested traffic situation. On the Tokyo Metropolitan Expressway, traffic congestion frequently occurs at merging bottleneck sections. There have been only a few research studies concerned with the traffic behavior and characteristics in these situations. Therefore, a three years extensive study has been undertaken to investigate traffic behavior and characteristics during traffic merging processes under congested traffic flow in order to design a safer and less congested merging points as well as a more efficient control at these bottleneck sections. The overall research approach is illustrated in Figure 1, emphasizing the second component, which represents this work. Sets of data capturing a wide range of information were collected using a videotape and image processing techniques. Comprehensive traffic surveys were conducted at two entrance ramps in the Tokyo Metropolitan Expressway. These data provided the fundamental information for investigating the ramp driver merging behavior. A theoretical framework for modeling ramp driver acceleration-deceleration behavior is presented. It uses the stimuli-response concept as a basic rule and is formulated as a modified form of the conventional car-following models. The collected data are used to calibrate the proposed model. The results indicate that on average 0.66 sec time gap exist before ramp drivers respond to stimuli. It is found that the surrounding freeway vehicles affect significantly the ramp vehicle acceleration behavior. In addition, a simulation program was built using the developed acceleration-deceleration model. The simulated time-space trajectories of vehicles consistently fit well the observed data.