Pediatric is the medicine specialization concerned with the health of infants, children, and adolescents. Worldwide, many infectious diseases were controlled in the 20th century by improving living standards, public health, and various antimicrobial agents. Antibiotics, in particular, cephalosporin, are amongst the most widely dispensed medications in Pediatric departments worldwide, especially in countries where there are no strict guidelines to regulate their use. A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted at 150 Bedded Pediatric ward of Peoples University of Medical and Health Sciences for Women (PUMHSW), Nawabshah, Shaheed Benazirabad to assess the utilization pattern of cephalosporin among all admitted in-patients. Patients' demographic details were recorded from the Patient's Bedside File (PBF). Data were analyzed by using Microsoft Excel and Microsoft SPSS 20. Among all admitted patients, 1285 patients met the inclusion criteria, and their PBF were evaluated for cephalosporin. A total of 2863 antibiotics were prescribed among 1932 patients. The most commonly prescribed class of antibiotics among the study population was Cephalosporin 1971 (68.83%), followed by Cefotaxime (20.39%). 76.20% of pediatric patients were prescribed antibiotics through the parenteral route and 23.8% through the oral route. The most common diagnosis was Pneumonia (23.4%), diarrhea (11.6%), and Bronchitis (11.2%), following other indications. Antibiotics were being prescribed without national antibiotic guidelines or institutionally approved protocols, which are currently unavailable. The study findings shall help the hospital administration and government design and implement official policies to promote rational utilization of antibiotics.

The monitoring of hypertension drugs is very critical and important to sustain a healthy life. In this study, we have synthesized nickel oxide (NiO) nanostructures using potassium dichromate as surface modifying agent by hydrothermal method. These NiO nanostructures were found highly active for the oxidation of ADB besylate (ADB). The unit cell structure and morphology were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The SEM study has confirmed the nano sheet like morphology and XRD analysis has described the cubic unit arrays of NiO. After the physical characterization, NiO nanostructures were used to modify the surface of glassy carbon electrode (GCE) by drop casting method. Then cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used to characterize the electrochemical activity of NiO nanostructures in the0.1 M phosphate buffer solution of pH 10.0 and a well resolved oxidation peak was identified at 0.70 V. The linear range for the NiO nanostructures was observed from 20–90 nM with a regression coefficient of 0.99 using CV. The calculated limit of detection (LOD) was 2.125 nM and the limit of quantification (LOQ) was 4.08 nM. Further to validate the CV calibration plot, an amperometry experiment was performed on the NiO nanostructures and sensors exhibited a linear range of 10 nM to 115 nM with LOD of 1.15 nM. The proposed approach was successfully used for the determination of ADB from commercial tablets and it reveals that the sensor could be capitalized to monitor ADB concentrations from pharmaceutical products. The use of potassium dichromate as a surface modifying agent for the metal oxide nanostructures may be of great interest to manipulate their crystal and surface properties for the extended range of biomedical and energy related applications.

The study was retrospective, comparative and cross-sectional. This study mainly focussed on the success rate of different treatments combinations in diabetic HCV patients by comparing treatment outcomes. Study area, participants, and samples This retrospective study was held in Bannu and Lakki Marwat districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and participants from these two districts were included in the study.The totall sample size was 450 collected from Districts of KPK Pakistan A questionnaire form was designed and validated with help of a statistician before starting

Pediatric is the field of medicine that is concerned with the health of infants, children and adolescents. Globally, many infectious diseases have been controlled in the 20th century by improving People’s standard of living through public health campaigns and the use of various antimicrobial agents. Evidence suggests that the manner in which Primary Healthcare centers prescribe drugs has contributed to the high rise in Anti-Microbial Resistance (AMR). The extent of the resistance is determined by the site of antibiotic application and in this study oral usage of antibiotics was found to be the highest contributor to Anti-Microbial Resistance.  A systematic review of the published literature on the conduct and reporting of meta-analyses in observational studies was done using databases searched included MEDLINE, Educational Resources Information Center, PsycLIT (http://www.wesleyan.edu/libr), Google Scholar, EMBASE, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts and the Current Index to Statistics. It was concluded that most of the articles reported that cephalosporin were widely used antibiotics and therefore its use must be rational; to avoid its abuse which may result to high level of resistance.