Throughout the world, public sector organisations are under continuous pressure from various stakeholders for performance improvement. Public sector, just like corporate sector is also utilising intellectual capital (IC) in various ways and it is being argued that IC as a strategic resource can also help in improving the performance of this sector. However, research on intellectual capital in public sector is still very scarce, and especially, in the context of developing countries, almost non-existent.The IC body of knowledge has evolved through various stages and currently it is moving towards the fourth stage. This paper is focussing on the third stage of 'IC in practice'. The third stage of IC research advocates the complex and idiosyncratic nature of intellectual capital and stresses on researching 'IC in action' i.e., IC practices and managerial implications rather than measuring it. This theoretical paper aims to propose a framework to explore IC phenomenon in the knowledge intensive public sector organisations of a developing country (Pakistan). It raises the issues of the role of IC in value creation or destruction in the public sector and practices associated with intellectual capital, in such organisations which do not have explicit IC management strategies however, through their practices these organisations are managing it. It also develops a conceptual framework which proposes to study the IC practices of the public sector organisations through performative IC, social construction, and structuration lenses in order to grasp the complexity of conceptualising the IC, its particular nature, failure of generalisation of the IC grand theories, and development of IC body of knowledge. This framework focuses on understanding the phenomenon and its role in public sector organisations.The framework contributes towards the IC in Practice perspective of IC body of knowledge in the specific context of public sector organisations in a developing country and suggests that by adopting an appropriate methodology, the practices, management, and development of IC 1 PhD Scholar and Assistant Professor at can be better comprehended through this framework.

No abstract

This research study focused on the economic impact of covid-19 on small and medium entrepreneurs. This research study was conducted in seven districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. A total of 350 samples were randomly selected from seven districts. From each district 50 samples were selected including 25 small and 25 medium entrepreneurs. All the samples were taken from auto, hoteling, grocery, fresh food and garments industries. The results showed that stay-at-home policy inflicted huge economic cost both on small and medium entrepreneurs in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. On average a small entrepreneur in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa lost US $1552.8 per day while every medium entrepreneur lost US $13084.2 per day in the garments industry during covid-19 lock down. Similarly, per day average cost of a small entrepreneur in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa was US $898.7 while that of the medium entrepreneur was US $6140.65 during covid-19 lock down. This financial lost/cost did not include any past or current liabilities rather it was derived from the sale and purchase data collected from the local entrepreneurs in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

Public universities are going through a tough time in Pakistan and some of the old universities are facing severe financial crisis to the extent that they cannot even pay their employees. This drift took a long time, and it is mainly due to increase in the intellectual liabilities. While intellectual capital is seen as non-physical resources which helps to create value, intellectual liabilities are the intangible rigidities that destroys the value. This paper explores the creation of intellectual liabilities in universities due to different prevailing processes and practices and the ignorance of its implications by the management, using a public sector university as a case study. Actor-Network Theory is utilized to develop the understanding of the phenomenon, to appreciate the complexity of reality and understanding how social effects are generated as a result of associations between different actors in a network A qualitative research approach was adopted, and primary data was collected through semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis have bene utilized for its analysis. Findings suggest that intellectual liabilities have a destructive role in universities. The findings can prove useful to human resource managers, policy decision-makers, as well as government and academic institutions in understanding what intellectual liabilities is and how they can develop gradually if not prevented.

This research study focuses on the impact of Covid-19 on domestic violence in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The target population of this research study was the number of local households of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The data was collected from the local households in six districts including Swat, Mardan, Swabi, Charsadda, Peshawar and Nowshera. From six districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 300 samples were collected. From each district 50 samples were collected including 25 females and 25 males. All the samples were randomly selected. The data was manually collected in the form of a pre-tested questionnaire. Domestic violence was measured by Conflict Tactics Scale. The results revealed that Covid-19 lock down was a painful situation that increased frustration among the people when coupled with economic uncertainty resulted in domestic violence. Factors that highly contributed to domestic violence during Covid-19 lock down included social isolation, frustration, stress and anxiety. The results did not support the null hypothesis; hence, the alternative hypothesis was accepted. From the findings it was identified that human stress caused by restrictions on social mobility and social engagements resulted in domestic violence and this factor was comparatively stronger.