virus replication, recombinant green fluorescence protein-expressing hPIV-2 without matrix protein, negative-strand RNA virus Thirteen herbal medicines, Kakkonto (TJ-001), Kakkontokasenkyushin'i (TJ-002), Hangekobokuto (TJ-016), Shoseiryuto (TJ-019), Maoto (TJ-027), Bakumondoto (TJ-029), Hochuekkito (TJ-041), Goshakusan (TJ-063), Kososan (TJ-070), Chikujountanto (TJ-091), Gokoto (TJ-095), Saibokuto (TJ-096), and Ryokankyomishingeninto (TJ-119) were tested for human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hPIV-2) replication. Eight (TJ-001, TJ-002, TJ-019, TJ-029, TJ-041, TJ-063, TJ-095 and TJ-119) out of the thirteen medicines had virus growth inhibitory activity. TJ-001 and TJ-002 inhibited virus release, and largely inhibited genome, mRNA and protein syntheses. TJ-019 slightly inhibited virus release, inhibited gene and mRNA syntheses, and largely inhibited protein synthesis. TJ-029 slightly inhibited virus release, largely inhibited protein synthesis, but gene and mRNA syntheses were unaffected. TJ-041 only slightly inhibited virus release, the gene and mRNA syntheses, but largely inhibited protein synthesis. TJ-091 largely inhibited gene, mRNA and protein syntheses. TJ-095 largely inhibited gene synthesis, but NP and HN mRNAs were slightly detected, and protein syntheses were observed. TJ-119 inhibited gene, mRNA and protein syntheses. TJ-001, TJ-002, TJ-091, TJ-095 and TJ-119 inhibited multinucleated giant cell formation derived from cell-to-cell spreading of virus. However, in TJ-019, TJ-029 and TJ-041 treated infected cells, only small sized fused cells with some nuclei were found. TJ-019 and TJ-041 slightly disrupted actin microfilaments, and TJ-001 and TJ-002 destroyed them. TJ-041 slightly disrupted microtubules, and TJ-001 and TJ-002 disrupted them. In general, the medicines effective on common cold and bronchitis inhibited hPIV-2 replication.

No abstract

No abstract

Public authorities in developing countries have a significant role in the application of sustainability in the building sector. They are responsible for: (i) adopting new regulations and guidelines about sustainability requirements in the design, construction, and management of buildings and (ii) the use of sustainability as an essential requirement for the construction and renovation of public buildings. However, since the application of sustainability in the construction sector approach is still embryonic in developing countries, a significant effort is required to adopt international knowledge and experience in sustainability. This paper aims to fill this gap by developing a framework for assessing the sustainability of public buildings in the Palestinian territory. The framework includes establishing sustainability indicators for public buildings based on the literature review and the opinion of a panel of experts. The paper presents the methodology followed to identify these indicators and uses the Step-Wise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis method (SWARA) for their ranking and weighting. As a major result, the paper provides a set of indicators for assessing the sustainability of public buildings and the ranks and weights of these indicators. The set of indicators is organized in the following categories: energy efficiency, water efficiency, green city, and Indoor environment.

No abstract