Our findings suggest that rebamipide eyedrops might attenuate giant papillae in patients with allergic conjunctival diseases and that these eyedrops may be useful for the treatment of not only dry eye but also of allergic conjunctival diseases.
Although the anti-tumor and anti-infective properties of β-glucans have been well-discussed, their role in bone metabolism has not been reviewed so far. This review discusses the biological effects of β-glucans on bone metabolisms, especially on bone-resorbing osteoclasts, which are differentiated from hematopoietic precursors. Multiple immunoreceptors that can recognize β-glucans were reported to be expressed in osteoclast precursors. Coordinated co-stimulatory signals mediated by these immunoreceptors are important for the regulation of osteoclastogenesis and bone remodeling. Curdlan from the bacterium Alcaligenes faecalis negatively regulates osteoclast differentiation in vitro by affecting both the osteoclast precursors and osteoclast-supporting cells. We also showed that laminarin, lichenan, and glucan from baker’s yeast, as well as β-1,3-glucan from Euglema gracilisas, inhibit the osteoclast formation in bone marrow cells. Consistent with these findings, systemic and local administration of β-glucan derived from Aureobasidium pullulans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae suppressed bone resorption in vivo. However, zymosan derived from S. cerevisiae stimulated the bone resorption activity and is widely used to induce arthritis in animal models. Additional research concerning the relationship between the molecular structure of β-glucan and its effect on osteoclastic bone resorption will be beneficial for the development of novel treatment strategies for bone-related diseases.
Nanoparticles, spherical particles with diameters less than 100 nm, are promising theranostic devices for noninvasive diagnosis and therapy. In this study, nanoparticles composed of polyethylene glycol and silica were prepared, and their migration behavior was examined using capillary electrophoresis. The effects of the sodium dodecyl sulfate concentration in the electrolyte, the nanoparticle size, and the encapsulated molecule on the migration were examined. The addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate into the electrolyte had a significant effect on the electrophoretic mobility of polyethylene glycol nanoparticles, but a small effect on that of silica nanoparticles. As for the size effect, the mobility became a little faster for smaller nanoparticle sizes for both polyethylene glycol and silica nanoparticles. The encapsulated molecule affected the mobility of the nanoparticles through interactions between the encapsulated molecules and sodium dodecyl sulfate. We propose that the large effect of sodium dodecyl sulfate on the migration of the polyethylene glycol nanoparticles was due to the large spaces within the nanoparticles. These results indicate that nanoparticle migration is mainly determined by the nanoparticle components.
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