The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the quality of sleep and the degree of fatigue and daytime sleepiness are related to migraine. We investigated 489 subjects comprising 97 patients with eight or more, 77 patients with five to seven and 196 patients with one to four migraine days per month, and 119 migraine-free controls with fewer than six headache days per year. The patients were recruited via articles in newspapers not stressing the subject of the study. All participants underwent a semistructured interview and completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and the Self-rating Depression Scale and the Self-rating Anxiety Scale. For statistical analysis we used two way manovas, post hoc univariate two-way anovas and Hochberg's GT2 tests as well as three-way mixed design anovas. The PSQI total score was highest in patients with frequent migraine (5.9 +/- 4.3) and lowest in controls (4.3 +/- 2.5, P = 0.04). Four subscores of the PSQI showed similar statistically significant differences. The FSS and ESS scores did not differ in the four study groups. Analysing depression and anxiety revealed a significant impact on PSQI, FSS and ESS, but did not demonstrate interactions with migraine, thus suggesting that the impact of migraine is similar in patients without and with psychiatric comorbidity. In conclusion, the quality of sleep is decreased in patients with migraine, whereas fatigue and daytime sleepiness do not differ from healthy controls. The decreased quality of sleep in migraineurs is also a consequence of migraine itself and cannot be explained exclusively by comorbidity with depression or anxiety.

Manual massage, commonly used by healthy individuals for well-being, is an ancient practice requiring the intervention of a trained and experienced physiotherapist. On the other hand, automated massage is carried out by machines or modalities without or with minimal control of a human operator. In the present review, we provide a literature analysis to gather the effects of automated massage on muscle properties, peripheral circulation and psychophysiological variables as reported through psychometric and neurophysiological evaluations of each modality ranging from massage beds and whole-body vibrations to robotic massage. A computerized search was performed in Google Scholar, PubMed, and ResearchGate using selected key search terms, and the relevant data were extracted. The findings of this review indicate that for vibration massage, whole-body vibration exposure with relatively lower frequency and magnitude can be safely and effectively used to induce improvements in peripheral circulation. As for massage chair and mechanical bed massage, while most studies report on positive changes, the lack of strong clinical evidence renders these findings largely inconclusive. As for robotic massage, we discuss whether technological advances and collaborative robots might reconcile active and passive modes of action control during a massage and offer new massage perspectives through a stochastic sensorimotor user experience. This transition faculty, from one mode of control to the other, might definitely represent an innovative conceptual approach in terms of human–machine interactions.

The authors would like to apologize for failing to make proper attribution to texts in the original article. The citation of information adapted from Kerautret et al. [55] was mistakenly overlooked on certain pages and has been corrected as follows.On page 1-2: "The effects are nonetheless furthered and aggravated through overuse of computers and smartphone alike, which consequently lead toward postural deformity, neck and shoulder pain as evidenced by research, and when prolonged and recurred, these habits gradually degrade our overall health. [55]"On page 3-4: "The authors' approach to unilateral and bilateral temporomandibular disorder was targeted to a specific population, highly technical and very expensive. Other studies on investigating the robotic massage effects on masseter and temporal muscles had varying degrees of pressure exerted, which ranged from 100 g to 1.5 kg per square area [2, 3, 20, 23, 46, 60]. The most effective outcome was derived at approx. 800 g on small facial muscles. The authors further reported that the robotic massage decreased muscle pain and promoted functional motor recovery in patients. [55]"On page 17-18: "In such cases, these autonomous devices can administer simple massage techniques at a limited scale for preventive measures. Complex maneuvers such as stretching, strengthening and joint mobilization, which cannot be performed by robotic devices, can be administered by a professional therapist; thus, providing compounding benefits.[55]"

Sleep and stress-related disorders are increasingly becoming more prevalent among adult population. Massage therapy (MT) may assist in improving the peripheral circulation through mechanical manipulation of soft tissues and passively act upon reducing stress stimuli as well as induce relaxation and sleep. For the purpose of evaluating the efficacy of massage chair therapy (MCT), this study is divided into two parts. First, 15 participants (mean age = (21.00 ±2.00) years; body mass index (BMI) = (19.22 ±2.23)) were enrolled in a randomized controlled, cross-over, and single-blinded trial on pre- and post-treatment based sessions where skin blood flow (SBF) was measured. Except for the control mode (p > 0.05), all other mode-variants exhibit significantly increased SBF between pre-post sessions (p < 0.05). Furthermore, compared to the blood circulation and sweet dreams massage modes, deep tissue massage mode exhibited a significantly increase in SBF values (p < 0.05). In the second part of the study, 5 participants (age 24.00±3.00 years; weight 73.10±5.63 kg; height 178.28 ±10.08 cm; BMI 22.49 ±1.89) underwent MCT with only sweet dreams mode. Richards-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire and wrist actigraph were used to assess pre- and post-treatment sleep quality. After undergoing massage all subjects showed improvement in overall sleep quality. These results are suggestive that the automated MCT may potentially improve blood circulation and promote relaxation and sleep.