No abstract

Coronavirus refers to a group of widespread viruses. The name refers to the specific morphology of these viruses because their spikes look like a crown under an electron microscope. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered crown-shaped virus. Human-to-human transmission of the coronavirus is through coughing, sneezing, discharge from the nose and mouth. The virus can be transmitted from 1 to 2 meters through coughing or sneezing. Another way of transmission is by hand contact with the environment and virus-infected surfaces. Various substances are used to disinfect the body and surfaces. However, improper and unsafe use of these disinfectants can lead to other toxic effects in people that can be far more dangerous than the virus itself.

Environmental pollution is one of the main causes of disease, death, and disability worldwide. International Labor Organization (ILO) estimates mortality caused by occupational cancer worldwide to be two times higher than occupational accidents. Approximately, 10 important risk factors account for 85% of all occupational cancers. Factors for occupational cancer includes Asbestos, chemicals such as aniline, chromates, dinitrotoluene, arsenic and its inorganic compounds, beryllium and its compounds, cadmium and nickel compounds, wood dust, crystalline silica, brown coal phosphors, furnace emissions, pollution caused by diesel equipment, Nano-Materials, biological agents, ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation, thermal shock, shift work, stress and work while sitting. Also some other environmental factors can cause cancer which concludes air, water and soil pollutions, smoking, sunlight, radon gas, electromagnetic fields, agriculture, behavior and lifestyle (such as alcohol and tobacco consumption, diet, sleep patterns, personal habits and social and cultural environment behaviors). More than 75% of mortality due to cancer can be avoided via controlling occupational and environmental risk factors. Most of cancers are not hereditary and caused by occupational and environmental biological agents, and are potentially preventable. So, it is recommended that more researches should be performed in this field in order to detect more scientific and effective methods to detect number and type of cancers due to occupational and environmental factors.

Cancer is the second common cause of death worldwide and a significant ratio of all cancers is related to occupational and living environments. On the other side, cancer prevalence could be controlled and prevented via policies to improve occupational and living environments. However, a main challenge in prevention of occupational cancer is the lack of knowledge about the exposure rate and number of exposed persons. CAREX database, which is established by the program of Europe against cancer, provides information for the number of exposed persons based on country, carcinogen, and type of industry. CAREX is established in early years of 1990 decade by Finland Institute of Health (FIOH) in cooperation with IARC and European experts, as a tool for estimation of the burden due to occupational cancer in Europe, and shortly thereafter is expanded for use in almost 15 countries in European Union by 55 industrial groups. Several other countries have used CAREX for their countries and have provided some main progressions for the performance model. CAREX project in Canada was modeled in 2007, in an effort to develop a Canadian specific and advanced tool for assessing exposure to carcinogenic agents based on EU CAREX. In this model, not only occupational exposure, but also environmental exposure has been considered. Estimation of exposure with CAREX helps to inform primary prevention activities and to improve global occupational cancer, and its strength points are systematic nature, good coverage and ease of use, and can be used in other countries of the world.