The Bethesda classification is a reliable indicator of malignancy in nodules with different cytology results and seems to be very effective in predicting the malignancy for the nodules diagnosed with aggressive variant PTC on the final histological examination.

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Chemotherapeutic agents are not very effective in treating advanced endometrial cancers (ECs). Recent studies have demonstrated the immune evasion mechanism of tumors and possible remedies. Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), and programmed death ligand 2 (PD-L2) are immunomodulator molecules that have been the focus of research in lung cancer, melanoma, and renal cell cancer. However, there are few studies concerning EC. This retrospective study aimed to determine PD-1, PD-L1, and PD-L2 expression immunohistochemically in EC, and to study their correlation with clinicopathologic tumor characteristics. This study comprised 127 patients with EC. Anti PD-1, PD-L1, and PD-L2 antibodies were examined immunohistochemically on sections obtained from tissue microarray paraffin blocks. No staining with PD-1 in tumor cells was seen; however, we found positive staining in tumor cells at 36.2% with PD-L1 and 64.4% with PD-L2, and at 61.6% with PD-1, 36.2% with PD-L1, and 93.2% with PD-L2 in immune cells. When comparing staining and clinicopathologic findings , most of the PD-L1 negative tumors (both in tumor and immune cells) were FIGO Stage I, which was significantly higher than stage II-III-IV tumors (P<0.05). There was a statistically significant association between the FIGO grade and the PD-L1 score in immune cells (P=0.009), and between staining of PD-1, PD-L1, and PD-L2 and age (P=0.004, 0.013, and 0.043, respectively). Interaction between PD-1, PD-L1, and PD-L2 may be a potential target for immunotherapy in elderly and advanced stage EC patients.

The association between papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is controversial. In this study, we aimed to compare preoperative thyroid functions, ultrasonography (US) features, fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) results, and histopathological characteristics of PTC in patients with and without HT. Data of 919 PTC patients were reviewed retrospectively. The diagnosis of HT was based on histopathological examination and patients were grouped as HT and non-HT. There were 1321 PTC lesions in 919 patients among which 317 (34.5 %) had coexistent HT. There were no significant differences in nodule volume, longitudinal diameter, texture, echogenicity, marginal regularity, presence of microcalcification and hypoechoic halo, and peripheral vascularization in patients with and without HT (p > 0.05, for all parameters). Macrocalcification was observed more frequently in the non-HT group (p = 0.021). FNAB results were similar in the two groups (p = 0.105). Distribution of variants, capsule invasion, vascular invasion, and extrathyroidal extension were observed with similar rates in the HT and non-HT groups. Lymph node metastasis was significantly higher in patients without HT (p = 0.012). Of the carcinomas, 66.1 % (n = 874) were papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC). Tumor size was lower in PTMC lesions coexistent with HT (p = 0.026). We observed lower rates of capsule invasion, extrathyroidal extension, and lymph node metastases in PTMC with HT compared to without HT (p = 0.007, p = 0.003, and p = 0.015, respectively). This study showed that US features, FNAB results, and histopathological findings of PTC lesions are not influenced by the presence of HT. However, PTMC seems to be related with less aggressive histopathological behavior in HT.

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