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Small cells deliver cost-effective capacity and coverage enhancement in a cellular network. In this work, we present the interplay of two technologies, namely Wi-Fi offloading and small-cell cooperation that help in achieving this goal. Both these technologies are also being considered for 5G and B5G (Beyond 5G). We simultaneously consider Wi-Fi offloading and small-cell cooperation to maximize average user throughput in the small-cell network. We propose two heuristic methods, namely Sequential Cooperative Rate Enhancement (SCRE) and Sequential Offloading Rate Enhancement (SORE) to demonstrate cooperation and Wi-Fi offloading, respectively. SCRE is based on cooperative communication in which a user data rate requirement is satisfied through association with multiple small-cell base stations (SBSs). However, SORE is based on Wi-Fi offloading, in which users are offloaded to the nearest Wi-Fi Access Point and use its leftover capacity when they are unable to satisfy their rate constraint from a single SBS. Moreover, we propose an algorithm to switch between the two schemes (cooperation and Wi-Fi offloading) to ensure maximum average user throughput in the network. This is called the Switching between Cooperation and Offloading (SCO) algorithm and it switches depending upon the network conditions. We analyze these algorithms under varying requirements of rate threshold, number of resource blocks and user density in the network. The results indicate that SCRE is more beneficial for a sparse network where it also delivers relatively higher average data rates to cell-edge users. On the other hand, SORE is more advantageous in a dense network provided sufficient leftover Wi-Fi capacity is available and more users are present in the Wi-Fi coverage area.

The current study examined the educational, economic, and sociocultural, family and personal dimensions of delayed marriage among educated females in Pakistan. In addition, it revealed family-based and personal dimensions of delayed marriage among educated females in Pakistan. Furthermore, it highlighted the sociopsychological consequences of delayed marriageability among females in patriarchal society. For this purpose, 35 females, in the age bracket of 30–49 years and with a minimum of 16 years of education, were recruited for the current study through purposive and snowball sampling technique. An interview guide was used as a tool for data collection. The main sociocultural factors of delayed marriageability were the unavailability of a suitable match in the marriage market, the provision of the dowry, the pivotal role of the caste system and the second fiddle role of sectarian affiliation, and previous marital status (engaged or divorced) of the females. The structure and the size of the family were also the decisive family factors of delayed marriageability. Additionally, among personal traits, physical outlook and effective individualism played a prominent role. The current study conjectured a relational insight and transformation in a family structure for family demographers. It was the first qualitative study to highlight the patriarchal perspective of Pakistani society on the factors of delayed marriages. The findings of the current study would enrich the overall theoretical understanding of delayed marriageability among females.

Objective: To compare the efficacy of catheter drainage with incision and drainage in children having soft tissue abscess. Study Design: Randomized Control Trial. Setting: Department of Paediatric Surgery, Allied Hospital Faisalabad. Period: January 2016 to June 2017. Material & Methods: After taking approval from the hospital ethical committee, 160 patients coming through OPD of the department who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were enrolled, and informed consent was taken from them. The patients were randomly divided into two groups using a computer-generated random number table. In group A, patients underwent catheter drainage method, and in group B, patients underwent incision and drainage method. Results: Out of 160 cases (80 in each group), 60% (n=48) in Group-A and 67.5% (n=54) in Group-B were between 1-6 years while 40% (n=32) in Group-A and 32.5% (n=26) in Group-B were 7-12 years of age. 70% (n=56) in Group-A and 67.5% (n=54) in Group-B were males. On efficacy comparison, it was shown that 73.75% (n=59) in Group-A and 47.5% (n=38) in Group-B had efficacy; the p-value was calculated as 0.0007, showing a significant difference. Conclusion: We concluded that catheter drainage is better than incision and drainage in children having soft tissue abscess in terms of length of hospital stay ˂ 24 hours.