As everything in this world evolves or changes, so does our climate. Scientists have now proved that climate change is happening at a much faster rate than before. Pakistan is one of the most vulnerable continents to climate change impacts. Pakistan is considered as 7th most vulnerable country to climate change. Recently in Lahore, many major events occurred due to climate change like the occurrence of smog. The present study was conducted in 4 different tertiary institutions of Lahore, Pakistan. A descriptive survey design was specially employed for this study which used a stratified random sampling method for selecting the students. Moreover, a structured questionnaire titled climate change awareness was developed for collecting data from the students based on their level of awareness. According to this survey, 49.1% of the students know about the policies government is making regarding climate change. 62.5% of the respondents agreed that they have the necessary information to prepare for the impacts of climate change. The result of the findings showed a moderate level of awareness about climate change among the students. Awareness of climate change is an important ingredient for the successful implementation of climate change policy in the country. By improving the climate services and raising awareness about climate change and once it starts to grow it can be integrated into local, national, and sectoral development plans.

Soil pollution is a major human and environmental issue. Among the several components of soil degradation, organic contaminant in soil is regarded as a significant factor that causes considerable damage to the environment along with several health dangers to humans. Polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, poly-brominated biphenyls, organic fuels particularly gasoline and diesel, herbicides, insecticides (carbamate and organophosphorus) are by far the most common forms of organic pollutants identified in soils. The employment of living organisms such as microorganisms and plants in bioremediation technology reduces/degrades, eliminates, and transforms pollutants found in soils, sediments, and water. This review examine and critically view the efficiency of bioremediation techniques for the polluted sites. The most common bioremediation technologies for the treatment of organic pollutants are bioventing, bio-sparging, bio-slurping, bio-augmentation, phytoremediation, bio-immobilization, bio-sorption, composting, land farming, aerobic degradation, co-metabolic and natural attenuation. The efficiency of these techniques depends on the pH, type of soil, level of oxygen, any other electron acceptors, temperature, and the nutrients. Selection of the treatment process depends upon the type of pollutant, concentration of the contaminant, site and source of pollution. All the treatment techniques are not good for all type of pollutants. Cost-effective techniques are mostly used worldwide as they have more public acceptance. Pump and treat methods were mostly used in Past but due to its non-reliability and excessive cost, these techniques are no longer in use. Keywords: Bioremediation Techniques; Soil Pollution; Organic Pollutants; Efficiency, Environmental Contamination   Copyright (c) 2023 Geosfera Indonesia and Department of Geography Education, University of Jember This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share A like 4.0 International License

This review discusses the use, mode of action, biomarkers, and bioindicators of inorganic arsenic and mercuric fungicides, as well as their effects on the environment and human health. The most prevalent indicator of exposure to arsenic is the measurement of total arsenic in urine. Biomarkers of exposure for arsenic and inorganic fungicides incudes the analysis of hair, urine, blooda and nails. Bio indicators are species or group of species that are used to indicate adverse effect of contamination. Freshwater fish species act as a very good bio indicator for inorganic arsenic. Tree bark, rice fields and sea birds could be a valuable indicator of inorganic arsenic contamination. Black Piranha, fish and earthworms are an ideal bio indicator of inorganic mercury. Inorganic arsenic compounds are known to be highly carcinogenic and toxic compounds. Mercuric fungicide is very toxic when inhaled by humans or animals it causes severe health issues and when absorbed by plants it retards their growth.  To estimate the daily dose of arsenic exposure to humans through absorption, ingestion and other pathways, Average daily dose is implemented by using two equations from the US EPA. To determine the ecological risk assessment a simplified equation was proposed by FDA i.e. HQ = E/RfD. Overall, the review emphasizes the need for heightened awareness, regulation, and alternative approaches to fungicide use, with a focus on minimizing the use of inorganic arsenic and mercuric fungicides to safeguard the environment and promote sustainable agricultural practices.