The Effect of Fatigue on the Kinematics of Free Throw Shooting in BasketballFatigue is an indispensible part of a basketball game which may affect an athlete's shooting kinematics. Although kinematic analyses of various sports related movements were extensively done, this study is the first to consider the effects of fatigue on the kinematics of free throw shooting. After measuring the resting heart rate, ten collegiate level, male basketball players (21.8±1.6 y; 192.8±3.6 cm; 84.1±8.5 kg) were asked to perform free throws. Two successful and two unsuccessful free throws were selected. Thereafter, participants were asked to complete the fatigue protocol, which included 30m sprints and 5 vertical jumps at each end, until they reached volitional exhaustion. Additional two successful and two unsuccessful free throws were collected. All shots were recorded by using two digital cameras operating at 60 Hz and placed in a stereoscopic view. The elbow, trunk, knee and ankle joint angles were measured before and after the ball release and at the ball release point. The selected joint angles were compared between successful and unsuccessful free throws, as well as before and after the completion of fatigue protocol. The results demonstrated that fatigue did not effect free throw shooting kinematics (p>0.05) and there was no significant joint angle difference between successful and unsuccessful shots (p>0.05). This study suggested that high level athletes are able to cope with the possible detrimental effects of fatigue while performing coordinated movements such as free throw shooting.

Violin is one of the most widely taught string instruments in the world. The positions of the right upper arm, elbow, and wrist and the vertical inclinations of the arm and forearm differ among violin players. The objective of this study was to measure the angular changes in the wrist and elbow joints, as well as the vertical inclinations of the arm, forearm, and hand, which are active in basic bow drives in violin playing, by using digital photogrammetric methods. In this way, we could determine the angular changes of the joints during bow drives, allowing us to incorporate this information into teaching proper bow techniques as well as preventing possible problems due to excessive force. This study involved nine male university violin players. Certain anatomic areas were marked on the players for measurement. The wrist and elbow joints of the right upper extremity were filmed on a calibrated test field using a metric camera, and images were transferred to the computer for photogrammetric evaluation using Pictran software (Technet GmbH, Germany). The angles of the elbow and wrist as well as the vertical inclinations of the arm, forearm, and hand of the right arm were ascertained from these marks on the photographs. The study showed that there are significant interindividual differences in the angular changes and inclinations on the E string and in the vertical inclinations on all strings among the different players.

In analytical photogrammetry picture point measurements are done with analytical tools or comparators. Measured comparator coordinates are first transformed to picture coordinates and then to object coordinates. Nowadays, direct transformation of digitally captured picture coordinates to object coordinates is ideal. The main advantage of Direct Linear Transformation (DLT) method is that it does not require a calibrated camera or indicator signs. In this study, necessary process steps to be followed in order to calculate camera parameters belonging to a picture pair on a test field are demonstrated on a sample.

Rock rigidity may be experienced in a wide range depending on several factors, and different methods can be used to consider their load-deformation behaviors. In this context, dilatometer tests (DTs) can be applied to obtain the modulus of elasticity of rock masses; therefore, it is possible to evaluate in-situ stress-strain behavior of rock masses realistically. Nevertheless, the application of this test is expensive as well as time-consuming, and necessitates mobilization of the equipment to construction site by trucks. The aim of this study is to simulate the load-deformation curve obtained of DT by neural networks (NNs). Therefore, the dilatometer test can be modeled as well as synthetic simulation of the test enables analyzers to characterize the material behavior. In order to investigate this, 50 different stress-deformation curves are obtained from DTs conducted on limestone formation underlying a dam (Dim dam) construction site in the Southern part of Turkey. The developed database by the curves was used for training and testing of the NN models. The results revealed that NN technique is quite successful for modeling the stress-deformation behavior of specific rocks based on DT results. It is therefore possible with the help of this alternative tool developed for the simulation of DT i) to model DT numerically, ii) to simulate the stress-strain behavior successfully, iii) to calculate the modulus of deformation efficiently, iv) to generate additional DT data synthetically, v) to develop material model alternatively, and vi) to make assumptions on the characterization of the rock mass behavior using previous information gathered by DTs..

The present study was conducted on 4 female and 4 male tennis players (Average age 11.6±0.7 years; height 153.2±6.9 cm; body mass index 42.0±3.9 kg; player experience 6.4±1.3 years). All the participants volunteered to participate in the study. The players hit their tennis serves at the maximum speed they could, imagining that they were in a real tennis match. The images for successful and unsuccessful tennis serves were recorded synchronously with a speed of 60 pictures/ second by using two video cameras. These recorded images were subjected to photogrammetric evaluation using Pictran software. The ankle, shoulder and elbow angles of the players were observed during the tennis serve before hitting, at the time of hitting and after hitting the ball.