Objective: In the literature, it is still unclear whether the trabecular structure of the jaw in subjects with hypodontia is different from those without hypodontia. Hence, the aim was to determine whether the mandibular trabecular bone structure of children and adolescents with hypodontia differs from the control group by using the fractal analysis method in this study.Materials and Methods: A total of 138 radiographs of 69 cases and 69 control subjects (mean age 13.2±10.1) were evaluated. The age and gender of subjects in the case and control groups were matched. Three regions of interest (ROI) were selected from the panoramic radiographs. Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon tests were used. p<0.05 was accepted for the significance value.Results: The mean fractal dimension (FD) values of ROI1, ROI2, and ROI3 were 1,25, 1,20, and 1,13, respectively. The means FD values obtained from the ramus region were higher than the other regions (p<0.05). The FD values did not differ significantly according to gender and age (p>0.05). The FD values of the case group were lower than the control group for ROI3 (p<0.05).Conclusions: The results of this study showed that the mandibular trabecular bone quality of pediatric patients with one missing tooth was different from the healthy group. The difference in the mean FD values from the ROIs indicates that the ramus has a denser structure than the mandibular corpus. Therefore, it shows that individuals with hypodontia may need additional procedures in cases that require orthodontic and implant treatment.Clinical Relevance: Clinicians should consider that individuals with hypodontia may need additional procedures in cases requiring orthodontic and implant treatment.