Cramer's model of help-seeking behavior posited that self-concealment, social support, attitudes toward counseling, and problem severity are essential in understanding individuals' intent to seek counseling. Path analysis results from 359 Filipino university students indicated that the original Cramer's model did not achieve the requisites of good model fit and that social support was not associated with problem severity. After adding loss of face to Cramer's model, we found positive associations with self-concealment and intent to seek counseling and a negative association with attitudes toward counseling. Multiple group analysis of the expanded Cramer's model indicated that, apart from social support and problem severity intercept differences, path coefficients, intercepts, and residual variances were invariant across gender. The previously nonsignificant social support to problem severity path is now significant. The addition of loss of face and accounting for gender differences in social support and problem severity improved the model fit of Cramer's model.

In the plethora of international research on smoking relapse there are findings that suggest distinct ethnocultural differences in relapse predictors. This study aimed to uncover cognitive and affective factors that contribute to relapse in a sample of Filipino adult smokers (N = 115). Using discriminant function analysis, results suggest that self-efficacy, outcome expectancy, craving and the subdomains of motivation to change contemplation and action are accurate relapse predictors, whereas negative emotional states are not. An integrative framework was used in the discussion to account for inconsistencies in the results. Implications for understanding the relapse cycle, the connection between smoking relapse and substance use, as well as suggestions for future studies on smoking relapse, are also discussed.