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Over the past 25 years, natural resources have been used up quickly, causing significant damage and contamination to the planet which is earth. Tribology, a new technology for keeping power and parts running, supported extremely fast and efficient coal and oil-powered machinery throughout history. Many different kinds of resource reserves, like those for power and parts, will be gone in a century. Revolutionary zero-emission and durability technologies are in high demand all over the world in order to create new, truly healthy and long-lasting lifestyles for humans and other living things in a symbiotic way. Tribology is expected to expand its technological innovation in order to support a new industrial trend and meet the requirements of the sector. At the moment, the primary factors influencing engine development are cost, performance, governmental requirements, and consumer requirements. In a few instances, the requirements are linked to tribology. For engines to last longer and be more reliable, tribology advancements that reduce friction and increase wear resistance will be crucial. The components under scrutiny are a part of the heavy-duty diesel engines’ valvetrain mechanism. The fuel injector places a lot of strain on the injection cam, making it one of the camshaft’s most problematic components. Lubrication plays a crucial role in avoiding cam failure caused by wear. The cam and roller contact, in any case, has shown to be one of the most provoking tribological plan challenges to handle. For lubricated contacts, the type and amount of wear are significantly influenced by the degree of separation between the surfaces. The term “specific film thickness” refers to this degree of separation and measures the degree to which asperities interact with one another in the lubricated contact. In order to predict lubrication regimes and, consequently, identify the injection cam’s likely wear zones, this paper focuses on measuring the oil film thickness in the cam-roller contact and other machine parts that follows. The results of the experiment (the observation of worn cam surfaces) are then confronted. In the near future, a multivariate analysis will be used to ascertain how the various parameters affect oil film thickness. The following stage will primarily focus on modeling injection cam wear, which will also include quantifying relationships between wear and a specific film thickness.

Tribology has been significantly contributing to materials, energy conservation and engineering innovation. This paper elaborates the development of tribology considering in detail in energy factor, tribological role of efficiency in the society by introducing lubricants which reduces the effective friction while moving the mass which significantly improves overall efficiency of the process all though it was primitive. The objectives of the study of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) are working to expand energy conservation, particularly through tribology, by doing things like evaluating the realistic effects of tribological innovation on conserving energy and trying to promote advanced energy technologies, identifying fields the application's location of new or existing Knowledge of tribology is anticipated to result in significant direct or indirect benefits, and so on. The strategy focuses on fluid film and rolling element bearings, consistently sophisticated metal processing, wear and friction reduction, variable power transmission, sealing technologies, automobile engines, and energy technologies. Additionally, the potential savings for various areas are detailed, as is a summary demonstrating the advantages that may be obtained with cutting-edge industrial machinery and processes, and comparing the prospective cost savings with the benefits ratio of the many key program features. road transportation for increasing energy efficiency. It was regarded as the most appropriate and advantageous aspects of tribology at the time to increasing productivity. Since then, numerous studies have focused on the study of industry-based machine and method-specific materials. Also, continuous variable transmissions are now found in many automobiles to enhance vehicle efficiency. Some future challenges were also looked at to plan and see how they can be tackled. The implementation of next level materials in different aspects of technology can lead to growth in the efficiency, quality of engineering parts and machines. This paper is a summary of the improvement in high performance materials both inorganic and organic based. It involves thin hard coverings of their growing importance in tribological improvements for tribo- engineering implementations are looked at and studied. Results from research concerning ceramics and ceramic properties, polymers and polymer properties as well as hard coatings and show the friction and wear attributes and their potential implementation for tribo- engineering. Greasing and friction have a strong relationship with wear. The study of these three topics is essentially what tribology entails. It deals with moving, interacting surfaces in science and technology. To better regulate friction and wear, hard or soft film coating, alloying, and composite structures have all been enhanced. It is accomplished by enhancing the lubricity and wear life of materials and surfaces using novel, modified lubricants and ideas that have been put to the test in challenging tribological applications. The development of new generations of self-lubricating coats with multilayered architecture due to recent advances in thin film deposition methods treatments. The field of tribology is crucial to lowering the levels of emissions from various industries because it is being used to cut down on the amount of unnecessary energy used by mechanisms. Understanding the functions of friction and wear between two surfaces that come into contact has been the domain of tribology for many decades. They have applied this knowledge to make mechanisms more energy efficient by only using what is necessary to power them and reducing the amount of energy lost through wear and friction.

ABSTRACT:Field measurements are readily available/reliable (carried out on fresh/uncontaminated samples), easy to measure and relatively inexpensive. This study aimed at groundwater potential and quality assessments in Ijero-Ekiti using in-situ parameters (static water level, water depth, temperature, pH, and electrical conductivity (EC)). Geographical locations of samples were measured using Devgru Dummy Garmin GPS. In addition, static water level and depth of wells were measured using dip meter while temperature, pH and EC were measured employing a Multiparameter TestrTm 35 series Meter. Elevation measurements (465.77 -546.25m) revealed that the study area was of rugged topography and varied erosion surfaces. EC values were <1000µS/cm (av 517.83µS/cm) and pH ranged from 7.4-9.5 mg/L (av 8.42) indicating alkaline water. The temperature of sampled groundwater in the area was fairly uniform with an average value of 27.67˚C. Groundwater in Ijero-Ekiti was assessed to be suitable for drinking and irrigation purposes based on EC values. However, the pH of some of the groundwater samples exceeded the WHO approved standard for drinking water warranting treatment of the groundwater before consumption. The average value of volume of water in the wells was 1.35m 3 . Groundwater potential using approximate volume of water in wells revealed that the wells in the pegmatite and calc-gneiss bedrocks have better potential compared to biotite-schist. However, with respect to quantity; the groundwater was grossly insufficient for irrigation. This research has provided a good preliminary check on groundwater potential and quality status of the study area.