Metamaterial is an engineered material whose electromagnetic properties can be determined by the unit structure. Lithography is one of main methods to fabricate metamaterials for fine patterning which has limitations in large-area fabrication. We present a direct fabrication method for metamaterial using the electrohydrodynamic jet printing. An electrical pulse was controlled to make drop-on-demand operation, through which flexible high refractive-index metamaterial could be fabricated in the form of I-shaped silver electrodes with 10-μm widths and 5-μm gaps on polyimide substrate. The peak value of the refractive index was 18.4 at a frequency of around 0.48 THz.

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We demonstrated the fabrication of terahertz metamaterial sensor for the accurate and on-site detection of yeast using electrohydrodynamic jet printing, which is inexpensive, simple, and environmentally friendly. The very small sized pattern up to 5 µm-width of electrical split ring resonator unit structures could be printed on a large area on both a rigid substrate and flexible substrate, i.e. silicon wafer and polyimide film using the drop on demand technique to eject liquid ink containing silver nanoparticles. Experimental characterization and simulation were performed to study their performances in detecting yeast of different weights. It was shown that the metamaterial sensor fabricated on a flexible polyimide film had higher sensitivity by more than six times than the metamaterial sensor fabricated on a silicon wafer, due to the low refractive index of the PI substrate and due to the extremely thin substrate thickness which lowers the effective index further. The resonance frequency shift saturated when the yeast weights were 145 µg and 215 µg for metamaterial structures with gap size 6.5 µm fabricated on the silicon substrate and on the polyimide substrate, respectively.

The fabrication of 3D metamaterials, such as multilayer structures, is of great interest in practical applications of the metamaterial. Here we present an electrohydrodynamic jet printing technique as a direct fabrication method of 3D multilayer metamaterial. By alignment of the nozzle movement, we could fabricate multiple layers of the metamaterial. Controlling an electrical pulse to make droplets on-demand, we fabricated a high refractive index metamaterial and compared the optical performances of a single layer and multiple layers, with 10 µm width and 5 µm gap of I-shaped meta-atoms on the polyimide substrate. The peak refractive index was 25.7 at 0.46 THz for a four-layer metamaterial.

Electric vehicle (EV) becomes an important option to overcome limited resources of fossil energy resources and to reduce side effects of Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (ICEV) on the environment and health. However, the implementation policy of EV needs to apply carefully to make this policy sustainable and to minimize its side effects. Therefore, the Government of a country plays a significant role in leading and support the implementation of EV with policy and regulation. This paper reviews policies of Electric Vehicles (EV) in South Korea and Indonesia. The main objective of this review is to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the policies implemented in those countries. Three main aspects are elaborated, i.e., the main policy, the technology, and the private sector implementations. This paper also develops recommended policies and actions that could be done in Indonesia by reflecting on the EV policy in South Korea.