Use of a high-fluoride dentifrice on teeth restored with conventional glass ionomer cement offers additional protection against enamel erosion.

RESUMOEste trabalho apresenta a análise termo-mecânica do aço inoxidável martensítico 423Co quando submetido a um ensaio de fadiga térmica visando simular as condições de trabalho de rolos de lingotamento contínuo. Para tanto, foi desenvolvido um equipamento que reproduzisse o comportamento dos materiais quando submetidos a contínuos gradientes térmicos. Nesse estudo foram considerados os seguintes parâmetros: o sistema de aquecimento e resfriamento para geração dos ciclos térmicos; o tipo e geometria do corpo-de-prova; a restrição total e o controle do estado de tensões aplicados no corpo-de-prova durante o ensaio. O monitoramento e o controle desses parâmetros foram realizados por um sistema de aquisição de dados que permitiu a correção "in-locu" dos mesmos durante o ensaio. Foi observado que esses parâmetros propiciaram de forma eficaz a simulação eficientemente do fenômeno da fadiga térmica, nos materiais estudados, principalmente no aço inoxidável martensítico 423Co, foco desse trabalho. Os ensaios de fadiga térmica realizados no equipamento mostram a evolução dos principais mecanismos de deterioração nos metais, particularmente para o aço inoxidável martensítico 423Co utilizado como revestimento dos rolos de lingotamento contínuo.Palavras-chaves: fadiga térmica, ensaio de fadiga térmica, comportamento termo-mecânico. Development by one Equipment to Thermal Fatigue Test ABSTRACTThis research presents a thermo-mechanical analysis of the martensitic stainless steel 423Co when submitted to a thermal fatigue test carried out in such a way that simulates the work conditions of the rolls used in continuous caster process. In order to perform this experiment it was developed an equipment to reproduce the behavior of materials submitted to a continuous thermal gradient. In this study the following parameters were considered: the cooling and heating system to produce thermal cycles; the type and geometry of the sample; the total restraint and control of the strain state applied on the sample during the test. The monitoring and control of these parameters were carried out through a system of data acquisition which allows "in situ" correction during the test. It was observed that these parameters provide an efficient simulation of the thermal fatigue phenomenon on the analyzed material, mainly on the martensitic stainless steel 423Co. The thermal fatigue tests realized with the equipment showed the evolution of the main deteriorating mechanism in metals, particularly for the martensitic stainless steel 423Co which is utilized as covering of the studied rolls.

Microenergy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (μ-EDXRF) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to test the hypothesis that zirconia modified glass ionomer cement (GIC) could improve resistance to erosion-abrasion to a greater extent than conventional cement.Bovine enamel (n = 40) and dentin (n = 40) samples were prepared with cavities, filled with one of the two restorative materials (GIC: glass-ionomer cement or ZrGIC: zirconia-modified GIC). Furthermore, the samples were treated with abrasion-saliva (AS) or abrasion-erosion cycles (AE). Erosive cycles (immersion in orange juice, three times/day for a duration of 1 min over a 5 day period) and/or abrasive challenges (electric toothbrush, three times/day for a duration of 1 min over a 5 day period) were performed. Positive mineral variation (MV%) on the enamel after erosion-abrasion was observed for both materials (p < 0.05), whereas a negative MV% on the dentin was observed for both materials and treatments (p < 0.05). The SEM images showed clear enamel loss after erosionabrasion treatment and material degradation was greater in GIC_AE compared to those of the other groups. Toothbrush abrasion showed a synergistic effect with erosion on substance loss of bovine enamel, dentin, GIC, and ZrGIC restorations. Zirconia addition to the GIC powder improved the resistance to abrasive-erosive processes. The ZrGIC materials may find application as a restorative material due to improved resistance as well as in temporary restorations and fissure sealants. K E Y W O R D Sglass ionomer cement, micro energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, teeth erosion, zirconia

Cylindrical samples of AISI 1020, AISI 316, and AISI 420 steels, with different heights, were simultaneously treated by a new technique of ionic nitriding, entitled cathodic cage plasma nitriding (CCPN), in order to evaluate the efficiency of this technique to produce nitrided layers with better properties compared with those obtained using conventional ionic nitriding technique. This method is able to eliminate the edge effect in the samples, promoting a better uniformity of temperature, and consequently, a smaller variation of the thickness/height relation can be obtained. The compound layers were characterized by X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, and microhardness test profile. The results were compared with the properties of samples obtained with the conventional nitriding, for the three steel types. It was verified that samples treated by CCPN process presented, at the same temperature, a better uniformity in the thickness and absence of the edge effect.

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