Essential oil of oregano ( OEO: ) has proven to be a potential candidate for controlling chicken coccidiosis. The aim of the current study is to determine whether OEO and an approved anticoccidial, monensin sodium ( MON: ), as in-feed supplements could create a synergism when combined at low dosages. Day-old broiler chickens were separated into six equal groups with six replicate pens of 36 birds. One of the groups was given a basal diet and served as the control ( CNT: ). The remaining groups received the basal diet supplemented with 100 mg/kg MON, 50 mg/kg MON, 24 mg/kg OEO, 12 mg/kg OEO, or 50 mg/kg MON + 12 mg/kg OEO. All of the chickens were challenged with field-type mixed Eimeria species at 12 d of age. Following the infection (i.e., d 13 to 42), the greatest growth gains and lowest feed conversion ratio values were recorded for the group of birds fed 100 mg/kg MON (P < 0.05), whereas results for the CNT treatment were inferior. Dietary OEO supplementations could not support growth to a level comparable with the MON (100 mg/kg). The MON programs were more efficacious in reducing fecal oocyst numbers compared to CNT and OEO treatments (P < 0.05). Serum malondialdehyde and nitric oxide concentrations were decreased (P < 0.01), whereas superoxide dismutase (P < 0.05) and total antioxidant status (P < 0.01) were increased in response to dietary medication with MON and OEO. All MON and OEO treatments conferred intestinal health benefits to chickens by improving their morphological development and enzymatic activities. The results suggest that OEO supported the intestinal absorptive capacity and antioxidant defense system during Eimeria infection; however, it displayed little direct activity on the reproductive capacity of Eimeria This might be the reason for inferior compensatory growth potential of OEO compared to that MON following the challenge. Combination MON with OEO was not considered to show promise for controlling chicken coccidiosis because of the lack of a synergistic or additive effect.

ÖZAnahtar Kelimeler: Anket, Arıcı, Güney Marmara Bölgesi ABSTRACT This study was conducted to determine the general characteristics of beekeepers in Yalova, Bilecik, Bursa and Balıkesir district of Southern Marmara Region. Questions were asked to 80 beekepeers. In the study, questions such as the products obtained by the beekeepers, how many years they have been beeing, education levels, age, diagnosis of diseases, information about antibiotics using have been asked. Sixteen questions have been asked. It was found that 71,25% of the beekeepers were over 40 years old, 11,25% had university education, 41,25% had beekeeping over 10 years, 83,75% were made as additional work and hobbies, 100% and 23,75%. In addition, 83,75% are union and association members, 100% are honey producers, 69% are main producers from commercial producers, 88,75% own honey marketing, 100% of beekeepers are Varroa, 90% Of them were able to recognize rot fungi, 95% of chalkbrood, and 15% of stonebrood. They stated that 100% of the beekeepers were found in varroa, 77,5% of them were foulbrood, 83,75% were found to have chalkbrood and 2,5% stonebrood. Investigators have reported that 80% of the losses are caused by diseases, 12,5% by pesticides and 7,5% by hunger. According to the obtained data, the general characteristics of the Southern Marmara Region beekeeping were tried to determine.

In recent years, research on human and animal health has emerged as a very important microbiota and microbiome. Microbiota; has important functions in metabolism, immune system, growth and development. In recent years, it has been understood that the microbiota is effective in the protection of bee health in colony so prevent losses in honey bees. Season, flora, food sources, age of the individual, duties in the hive, chemicals used in the fight against parasites and pathogens, and many other factors can be effective on the microbiome of honey bees.

Honey samples obtained by beekeepers taken from thirty-five different apiaries in Turkey’s region of Marmara were investigated for the presence of microorganism. Each honey sample was examined for the number of total aerobic mesofilic bacteria, coliforms, moulds and yeasts and the presence of Salmonella spp., Clostridium botulinum, along with other aerobic bacteriae such as Paenibacillus larvae and Melissococcus plutonius. In total, fifty-four honey samples of different botanical origins including unifloral (Umbelliferae, Leguminosae, Trifolium, Onobrychis), multifloral and chestnut were evaluated in the means of microbiological properties. Microorganisms were isolated in twenty-eight samples (60.86%) of pure cultures and eighteen samples (39.13%) of mixed cultures. On the other hand, no microorganisms were isolated in eight samples. Bacillus spp, Corynebacterium spp., Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp. C. albicans and Penicillium spp. were isolated and identified in other honey samples. The bacteria counts were 4×102 - 1.4×103 cfu/g for aerobic mesofilic bacteria and 1-185 cfu/g for the fungi. The application of sanitary practices (hand washing, avoidance of sneezing or coughing, etc.) may be effective in controlling contamination by microorganisms. On the other hand, air, equipment and dust may be contributing causes of microbiological contamination. Therefore it is important to take precautions in order to avoid such contamination, even though such factors are often difficult to control.

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