We conclude that pure menthol and menthol in food or beverages have a similar systemic bioavailability and that menthol has a small cardioaccelerating effect.

Objectives:The aim of this study was to evaluate the short and long-term impact of pharmacovigilance (PV) training on the 5th year medical students’ knowledge about definitions and on the awareness of the regulatory aspects in PV.Materials and Methods:In academic year 2010/11, the students completed structured, questionnaire before and just after training. They also completed the same questionnaire 1-year after the training.Results:The students’ knowledge about PV significantly increased after training in the short term (P < 0.001). However, the improvement decreased significantly in the long-term (P < 0.001). Although long-term scores were higher than the baseline score, the difference was not statistically significant. Total scores were 17.5 ± 2.0, 20.8 ± 2.0 and 18.0 ± 2.5; before, at short and long-term after the training.Conclusion:PV training increased the students’ knowledge significantly. However, in the long-term, the impact of the training is limited. Repeated training of PV should be planned.

No abstract

Purpose: To investigate the nurses' knowledge and attitudes toward clinical research, and their opinions about clinical research nursing and the factors affecting them. Methods: Our study is a cross-sectional study. The data was collected in August 2015 via a questionnaire. 48-item questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge, attitudes, opinion, and to obtain sociodemographic characteristics of the nurses. Each correct/positive answer was marked as 1 point. Results: Among the 306 nurses selected by stratified random sampling, 291 (95%) responded to the questionnaires. Only 8.6% of the nurses were involved in clinical research, and 3.8% of the nurses had relevant training. The mean knowledge level of nurses regarding clinical research was 10.1±4.1 (max: 19) and the average positive attitude score of them was 5.8±1.7 (max: 8). There was a positive correlation between the knowledge level and the attitude scores. Nurses who have relevant training, experience, and also patients consulting about clinical research had significantly higher knowledge level than the others. More than 77% of the nurses had knowledge of the volunteer definition, the informed consent, and the confidentiality of the volunteers. Less than 50% of the nurses have knowledge about clinical research design, ethical guidelines, clinical trial regulations, and vulnerable population. The nurses who agreed on "the clinical research nursing should be a separate profession" and also shown their willingness to be assigned to clinical researches had relatively higher knowledge and attitude scores. Conclusion: Both knowledge and attitude scores of the nurses had a significant impact on nurse's opinions corresponding to specialization, education, and participation in clinical research. The results indicate that staff nurses have only limited knowledge about clinical research while they are willing to be trained in this subject.