Background/aim: This study was conducted to determine the effect of transtheoretical model (TTM)-based individual counseling, training, and a 6-month follow-up on smoking cessation in adult women. Materials and methods:We carried out this randomized controlled trial in Konya, Turkey. Female subjects were randomly assigned into groups in a 1:1 ratio using block randomization, block size 3 × 3, divided by stages (precontemplation, contemplation, and preparation) and age (20-29, 30-39, and 40-49 years). The study was completed with 77 women (an intervention group containing 38 participants and a control group of 39 participants). The intervention group was interviewed 5 times (baseline and 1, 1.5, 2, and 6 months). Counseling and training were given to the intervention group at the first 3 interviews. The TTM scales were assessed for both groups at baseline and at 2 and 6 months.Results: In the 6-month follow-up, the rate of smoking cessation and the rate of progress were higher in the intervention group than in the control group. All the TTM variables had differences except the cognitive processes in the intervention group over time. Analysis of variance related to time × groups indicated that all variables had significantly changed except the cognitive processes and the pros of change. Conclusion:Results suggest that the TTM may be useful in understanding the stages individuals are at and in deciding on the appropriate treatment for smoking cessation.
Ö ÖZ ZE ET T A Am ma aç ç: : Bu araştırma, sigara içen yetişkinler için geliştirilmiş Değişim Aşamaları Modeli Öl-çeklerinin (Davranış Değiştirme Yöntemleri, Öz Yeterlik Ölçeği, Karar Alma) Türk dili ve kültü-rüne uyarlanması amacıyla yapılmış metodolojik bir çalışmadır. G Ge er re eç ç v ve e Y Yö ön nt te em ml le er r: : Dil uyarlaması için geri çeviri yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın psikometrik aşaması Konya'nın Akşehir ilçe-sinde olasılıksız örnekleme yöntemi kullanılarak seçilen 185 sigara içen yetişkin bireyle yürü-tülmüştür. Ölçeğin ilk uygulamasından iki-dört hafta sonra 50 bireyin tekrar test ölçümleri yapılmıştır. Veriler, Tanıtım formu ve Değişim Aşamaları Modeli ölçekleri kullanılarak toplanmıştır. B Bu ul lg gu ul la ar r: : Davranış Değiştirme Yöntemleri, Karar Alma ve Öz Yeterlik ölçeklerinin geçer-lilik ve güvenilirlik test sonuçları şöyledir: Uzman görüşüne dayalı kapsam geçerliliği indeksleri sırasıyla 0,99, 1,00 ve 0,98 bulunmuştur. Açıklayıcı faktör analizi sonucunda ölçeklerin faktör yük-lerinin tümünün 0,40'ın üzerinde; varyans açıklama oranlarının ise sırasıyla 64,7, 58,9 ve 67,7 olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ile ölçeklerin orijinal yapıları doğrulanmıştır. Madde-toplam korelasyon katsayıları bütün maddeler için alt seviye kabul edilen 0,20'nin üzerinde olduğu; test-tekrar test korelasyon katsayılarının ise sırasıyla 0,83, 0,64 ve 0,74 olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ölçeklerin Spearman-Brown katsayıları sırasıyla 0,90, 0,80 ve 0,84; Cronbach's Alpha (α) gü-venilirlik katsayıları sırasıyla 0,93, 0,78 ve 0,85 olarak tespit edilmiştir. S So on nu uç ç: : Bu çalışmada Değişim Aşamaları Modeli ölçeklerinin Türk toplumu için yeterli düzeyde geçerli ve güvenilir olduğu ortaya konulmuştur. Modeli Türk toplum grupları üzerinde test eden davranış değiştirme girişimlerinin ve eğitim tekniklerinin etkisini belirleyen araştırmaların yapılması önerilmektedir.A An na ah ht ta ar r K Ke el li im me el le er r: : Sigara içme; sigarayı bırakma; öz yeterlik A AB BS ST TR RA AC CT T O Ob bj je ec ct ti iv ve e: : This research was made a methodological study in order to adapt Turkish language and culture of Stage of Change Model Scales (Processes of Change, Self-Efficacy, Decisional Balance) which developed for adults who smoke. M Ma at te er ri ia al l a an nd d M Me et th ho od ds s: : Back translation method is used to adapt the language. Psychometric phase of the study was carried out selected using non-random sampling 185 adult smokers who residing in Aksehir district of Konya. Twofour weeks after the first application of the scale, 50 people re-test measurements. Data were collected using the advertisement form and Stage of Change Model scales. R Re es su ul lt ts s: : Processes of Change, Decisional Balance and Self-Efficacy scales validity and reliability test results are as follows: Content validity index based on expert opinion, respectively, 0.99, 1.00 and 0.98. Exploratory factor analysis of the scale factor loadings above 0.40; description of variance ratios, respectively, 6...
Aim: Recently, the total fertility rate in Turkey has been reduced down to two and exhibits tendency to reduce more, possible risks to be caused in population structure which started to be discussed in public. The study was conducted to explain the factors affecting the fertility desire of Anatolia. Method: Survey was conducted with 1342 women who were chosen at A Group Family Health Centers in Afyonkarahisar, Turkey. Data have been assessed with descriptive statistics and CHAID analysis. Results: 30,7% of women were willing for another child, in contrast to 53,1% of women, who were unwilling for another child, and only 16,2% of women were hesitant. According to CHAID analysis of the variables that affect the fertility desire, variable that the best explain fertility desire is the number of children. By the number of children increases, fertility desire decreases. Variables that the best describes the number of children are maternal age and duration of marriage. Conclusion: The most affecting condition fertility desire is number of children.We conclude that the fertility desire is the highest in early adulthood (<24) and in women who had a child or no child.
<p>Objective: The aim of this study is to identify the reasons initiate and continue to smoke of female university students’.</p><p>Method and material: This study is triangulation study. The study conducted in AfyonKocatepe University between May2, 2014 and June 1, 2014. The quantitative study was carried out with 148 female students who smoke selected with cluster-sampling methods. Data were collected using the questionnaire form and Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence. The quantitative study was carried out two semi structured focus group interviews with 11 female students who smoke. The quantitative data were analysed with descriptive statistics and Chi-square test. The qualitative data were analysed with the Miles and Huberman method.</p><p>Results: In quantitative study, the average period for students to continue smoking is 3,8±2,4 years. 37,2% of students start smoking cigarettes before they are 18 years old and 12,2% of them smoke more than half a pack. In 36,5% of the students, the reason for initiate to smoke was wannabe and curiosity. In 42,6% of the students, the reason for continue to smoke was addiction/dependency. Students who started smoking before 18 years old, more than 10 cigarettes smoked per day, and living at home have higher nicotine dependence (p<0,05). It is determined that the students who participated in the focus group interviews initiate and continue smoking to cope with stress.</p><p>Conclusions: The results of the study show that female students initiated smoking with the influence of individuals in the environment and continued smoking due to addiction.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Özet</strong></p><p><em>Amaç:</em> Bu çalışmanın amacı üniversitedeki kız öğrencilerin sigara içme davranışını başlatma ve sürdürme nedenlerini belirlemektir.</p><p><em>Yöntem:</em> Bu çalışmada bir triangülasyon çalışmasıdır. Çalışma 2 Mayıs - 1 Haziran 2014 tarihleri arasında, Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi'nde yürütülmüştür. Nicel çalışma küme örnekleme yöntemi ile seçilen, sigara içen 148 kız öğrenci ile yapılmıştır. Veriler anket formu ve Fagerström Nikotin Bağımlılık Testi kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Nitel çalışmada 11 sigara içen kız öğrenci ile iki yarı yapılandırılmış grup görüşmesi yapılmıştır. Nicel verilerin tanımlayıcı istatistikler ve ki-kare testi ile; nitel veriler Miles ve Huberman’ın yöntemi ile analiz edilmiştir.</p><p><em>Bulgular:</em> Niceliksel çalışmada, öğrencilerin ortalama sigara kullanma süresi 3,8±2,4 yıldır. Öğrencilerin %37,2’nin 18 yaşın altında sigaraya başladıkları ve %12,2’sinin günlük yarım paketten fazla sigara içtikleri belirlenmiştir. Öğrencilerin %36,5’inin sigaraya başlama nedeni özenti ve meraktır. Öğrencilerin %42,6’sının sigara içmeyi sürdürme nedeni bağımlılık /alışkanlıktır. 18 yaşından önce sigaraya başlayan, günde 10’dan fazla sigara içen ve evde yaşayan öğrencilerin nikotin bağımlılık düzeyleri daha yüksektir (p<0.05). Odak grup görüşmelerine katılan öğrencilerin stresle başa çıkmak için sigaraya başladıkları ve sigara içmeyi sürdürdükleri tespit edilmiştir.</p><p><em>Sonuç:</em> Araştırma sonuçları kız öğrencilerin çevrelerindeki insanların etkisi ile sigaraya başladıklarını ve sigara içmeyi sürdürdüklerini göstermektedir.</p>
This study, which is based on the Stages of Change Model, aimed to develop a Web-based smoking cessation program and to evaluate its effectiveness. An interventional study with 1 group was conducted with college students from Afyon Kocatepe University. First, the Web-Based Smoking Cessation Program was set up (www.sbp.aku.edu.tr). The sample in this study was composed of the 433 students who were site members. The appropriate stages of the program were then sent to members' e-mail addresses at monthly intervals over a period of 6 months. Second, the effectiveness of the program was evaluated at the baseline, the third, and the sixth months of the study. The study was completed with 314 students. The data were evaluated using descriptive statistics, 1-way analysis of variance, and analysis of variance for repeated measures. There were significant developments in the self-efficacy, cognitive, and behavioral processes of students in the third and sixth months of the study. Students (2.5%) had quit smoking by the third month and 4.5% by the sixth month. These results reveal that the program was able to help students quit smoking, increase their self-efficacy, and develop the process of change regarding smoking cessation.
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