Bu makale, ticaret kalıpları üzerindeki ex-post bölgesel ticaret anlaşmalarının ve gümrük birliklerinin rolünü değerlendirmek için bir çekim modeli kullanmaktadır. Bu makalenin geleneksel çekim modeline birincil katkısı, ticaret anlaşmalarının ikili ticaret hacimlerini önemli ölçüde etkileyip etkilemediğini belirlemektir. İkincil katkı, ticaret anlaşmaları ve ekonomik birlikler arasındaki içi ve dış ticaret gruplaşmalarını ortaya çıkarmaktır. Bu amaçla geleneksel çekim modeline üç kukla değişken eklendi. Sonuçlar, ticaret ortakları açısından (a) mesafeye bağlı olarak ve (b) bir ticaret anlaşmasına ve/veya ekonomik birliğe üye olmaya bağlı olarak hafif bir kümelenme göstermiştir.
Purpose: Energy is used in all areas of production and is crucial for economic growth. This study aims to empirically analyze the relationship between energy productivity, economic growth, and energy use in 35 European countries, for the period of 1990-2015. Methodology: European countries are divided into two groups, namely developed and developing economies. To account for structural breaks, a panel cointegration test that allows for multiple structural breaks is applied to two groups of countries. Findings: Multiple breaks are found by the Westerlund ( 2006) test in the group of emerging countries, suggesting that energy policies within Europe should differ by country. Structural breaks in emerging European economies suggest that these countries are more fragile to both external and internal shocks. The results of the study also show that economic growth in developing countries increases energy dependency, while economic growth in developed European countries causes an increase in energy efficiency.Originality: This study aims to enrich the literature in two aspects. First, it analyzes energy dependence and efficiency at the same time. Secondly, it examines developed and developing European countries in two separate sub-samples by observing structural breaks in the relationship between energy dependence, energy efficiency and growth.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.