Nowadays, the degradation of ecosystems is increasing due to the extensive growth of human activity (Xu et al., 2013) and as a result of industrial processes and excessive use of fertilizers and other chemicals in agriculture, large quantities of pollutants were accumulated in the environment (Martinez-Lo´pez et al., 2005). Unlike other pollutants, heavy metals are non-biodegradable and persistent in nature for a long time causing biological magnification that may lead to severe health problems to human and wildlife (Malik and Zeb, 2009). Exceeding the permissible limits of heavy metals in the environment are considered to be toxic and interfere with essential metabolic and biochemical processes in a living organism by altering the activity of different enzymes, increasing free radicals and disrupting the antioxidant mechanism (Isaksson, 2010). Hence, the need for biological indicators for continuous monitoring of the level of heavy metals in the environment is significantly increased. Wild birds can be used as a bio-indicator for heavy metals pollution as it widely distributed, long lived, occupy several trophic
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