Background: The liver is a specific target for drug toxicity because of its role in removal and metabolism of chemicals by converting drugs into another forms that can be readily removed from the body. It is known that the main function of the liver is the elimination of toxins that may enter the body, thus becoming vulnerable damaged during this mechanism, which can be revealed as bleeding, congestion, necrosis or other conditions of liver injury. Ciprofibrate belongs to widely used class of lipid-regulating agents, which stimulate hepatic cells and the hepatic cell becomes uncontrollably divided, causing liver growth. It causes liver cell proliferation in addition to other pleiotropic effects such as peroxisome proliferation and induction of certain peroxisomal and cytosolic enzymes in liver. Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the potential beneficial effects of green tea aqueous extract administration against the biochemical and histological alterations induced in the liver by ciprofibrate in male rats. Materials and Methods: In the current study 3 groups of 6 male rats were used (Control group, 100mg\Kg body weight, and Cipro 100mg\Kg body weight with green tea). The rats have been treated daily orally by gavages for 21 days. On the last day of the experiment the animals were killed then blood samples and parts from the liver were collected. Liver function was examined for the serum Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphates (ALP), enzyme activities, and serum total & direct bilirubin concentrations. The histopathological investigation was conducted for the liver tissues of all groups. Results: Treatment of male rats with 100 mg\Kg body weight of ciprofibrate caused a significant increase in serum ALT, AST, and ALP activities, total, and direct bilirubin concentration. Histologically, there were histological changes in central vein area and portal zones, revealed congestion in blood sinusoids, necrosis in hepatic cells, and damage in central vein lining epithelium. Co-administration of green tea aqueous extract with Ciprofibrate significantly improved the structural changes in the liver and the serum ALT, AST, and ALP activities, total, and direct bilirubin concentrations were significantly declined. Conclusion: It can be concluded that Ciprofibrate treatment induced elevation in liver function tests and severe histopathological changes and green tea aqueous extract was able to protect the liver against these effects in male rats. So, the patients should be advised to take green tea aqueous extract while they are treated by ciprofibrate.

Background: Skeletal muscles are attached to bone and are responsible for the axial and appendicular movement of the skeleton and for maintenance of body position and posture. Objectives: The present review aimed to high light on embryonic development of skeletal muscles, histological and ultrastructure, innervation, contraction and relaxation, causes, pathophysiology, and treatment of volumetric muscle injury. The heterogeneity of the muscle fibers is the base of the flexibility which allows the same muscle to be used for various tasks from continuous low-intensity activity, to repeated submaximal contractions, and to fast and strong maximal contractions. The formation of skeletal muscle begins during the fourth week of embryonic development as specialized mesodermal cells, termed myoblasts. As growth of the muscle fibers continues, aggregation into bundles occurs, and by birth, myoblast activity has ceased. Satellite cells (SCs), have single nuclei and act as regenerative cells. Satellite cells are the resident stem cells of skeletal muscle; they are considered to be self-renewing and serve to generate a population of differentiation-competent myoblasts that will participate as needed in muscle growth, repair, and regeneration. Based on various structural and functional characteristics, skeletal muscle fibres are classified into three types: Type I fibres, Type II-B fibres, and type II-A fibres. Skeletal muscle fibres vary in colour depending on their content of myoglobin. Each myofibril exhibits a repeating pattern of cross-striations which is a product of the highly ordered arrangement of the contractile proteins within it. The parallel myofibrils are arranged with their cross-striations in the register, giving rise to the regular striations seen with light microscopy in longitudinal sections of skeletal muscle. Each skeletal muscle receives at least two types of nerve fibers: motor and sensory. Striated muscles and myotendinous junctions contain sensory receptors that are encapsulated proprioceptors. The process of contraction, usually triggered by neural impulses, obeys the all-or-none law. During muscle contraction, the thin filaments slide past the thick filaments, as proposed by Huxley's sliding filament theory. In response to a muscle injury, SCs are activated and start to proliferate; at this stage, they are often referred to as either myogenic precursor cells (MPC) or myoblasts. In vitro, evidence has been presented that satellite cells can be pushed towards the adipogenic and osteogenic lineages, but contamination of such cultures from non-myogenic cells is sometimes hard to dismiss as the underlying cause of this observed multipotency. There are, however, other populations of progenitors isolated from skeletal muscle, including endothelial cells and muscle-derived stem cells (MDSCs), blood-vessel-associated mesoangioblasts, muscle side-population cells, CD133+ve cells, myoendothelial cells, and pericytes. Volumetric muscle loss (VML) is defined as the traumatic or surgical loss of skeletal muscle with resultant functional impairment. It represents a challenging clinical problem for both military and civilian medicine. VML results in severe cosmetic deformities and debilitating functional loss. In response to damage, skeletal muscle goes through a well-defined series of events including; degeneration (1 to 3days), inflammation, and regeneration (3 to 4 weeks), fibrosis, and extracellular matrix remodeling (3 to 6 months).. Mammalian skeletal muscle has an impressive ability to regenerate itself in response to injury. During muscle tissue repair following damage, the degree of damage and the interactions between muscle and the infiltrating inflammatory cells appear to affect the successful outcome of the muscle repair process. The transplantation of stem cells into aberrant or injured tissue has long been a central goal of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the formation of skeletal muscle begins during the fourth week of embryonic development as specialized mesodermal cells, termed myoblasts, by birth myoblast activity has ceased. Satellite cells are considered to be self-renewing, and serve to generate a population of differentiation-competent myoblasts. Skeletal muscle fibres are classified into three types. The process of contraction, usually triggered by neural impulses, obeys the all-or-none law. VML results in severe cosmetic deformities and debilitating functional loss. Mammalian skeletal muscle has an impressive ability to regenerate itself in response to injury. The transplantation of stem cells into aberrant or injured tissue has long been a central goal of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.

Background: Humans are exposed to aluminum from the mouth, nose and epidermal route inducing toxic effects. Accumulation of aluminum has been associated with a variety of pathologies such as anemia, osteodystrophy, joint diseases, muscular weakness, and Alzheimer’s diseases Fenugreek extracts have been shown to be neutralizing of free radicals and enhancing antioxidant status. Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate the ameliorative effects of fenugreek seeds against hematotoxicity induced by Aluminum chloride in male rabbits. Materials and Methods: This study included twenty-four adult male rabbits, which were divided into 4 groups, 6 rabbits for each. Group I (control group): Animals were provided with tap water and fed with a normal diet for 30 days. Group II (Fenugreek seeds powder group): Fenugreek seeds powder was given to rabbits in food at a dose of 10 g per kilogram of diet weight/kg of body weight/day for 30 Days. Group III (Aluminum chloride (ALCl3) group): Rabbits were treated orally with 150 mg/kg BW of AlCl3/day for 30 consecutive days. Group IV (Aluminum chloride/fenugreek co-administered group): Fenugreek seeds flour was added at a rate of 10 g per kilogram of diet weight, and rabbits were treated orally with 150 mg/kg BW of AlCl3/day for 30 consecutive days. At the end of the experiment and 24 hours after the last dose, all animals were anesthetized with ether and blood samples were collected by heart puncture. Results: The results of the study showed that the treatment of male rabbits with aluminum chloride resulted in a significant decrease (P<0.01) in RBCs count, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit value, MCV, MCH, and MCHC as compared to the control group. While there was a significant increase (P<0.01) in WBCs count, lymphocytes, and monocytes percentages and a significant decrease in granulocyte percentage when compared with the control group. Co-administration of fenugreek seeds powder and AlCl3 significantly improved all haematological parameters. Conclusion: The results showed that the administration of rabbits with aluminum chloride caused a hematotoxicity, and co-administration of fenugreek seeds powder with AlCl3 alleviate the hematotoxicity induced by AlCl3. The use of fenugreek seeds powder by humans can be considered beneficial in the alleviation of hematotoxicity. It is recommended that humans exposed to AlCl3 should be advised to take fenugreek seeds powder as a rich source of antioxidants to prevent hematotoxicity induced by AlCl3. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the exact mechanism of the anti-hematotoxic effect of Fenugreek seeds powder and the potential usefulness of fenugreek seeds powder as a protective agent against AlCl3 induced hematotoxicity in clinical trials.

Background: Stem cell therapy has attracted much interest in the 21st century, not only because of the controversy surrounding the ethics involving pluripotent stem cells, but their potential for clinical use. Objectives: The present review highlights the stem cells niche, types, identification, and characterization, mechanisms of regeneration by using stem cells, and applications in joint disease remedy. Stem cells could be well differentiated cells with the potential to display different cell types depending on the host niche. Niche is defined as the cellular microenvironment providing support and stimuli to control the properties of stem cells. It consists of signaling molecules, inter-cell contacts and interaction between stem cells and their extracellular matrix neighbors. Stem cells are classified according to their sources into two main types, the embryonic and non-embryonic. Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent and can differentiate into all germ layers. Non-embryonic stem cells can be sub-classified into fetal stem cells and adult stem cells. Cultured cells can be made to differentiate into exclusive lineages by providing selective media components that can be identified by histochemical staining and quantified by quantitative Real-time polymerase chain reaction. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be identified based on the expression of specific proteins called surface antigen phenotype of mesenchymal stem cell markers. MSCs secrete a variety of interleukins, several neurotrophic factors, many cytokines, and growth factors. These secreted bioactive factors have both paracrine and autocrine effects, which are anti-fibrotic and anti-apoptotic, as well as enhance angiogenesis. Furthermore, they stimulate mitosis and differentiation of tissue-intrinsic reparative stem cells. Systemic MSC transplantation can engraft to an injured tissue and promote wound healing through differentiation, and proliferation in synergy with hematopoietic stem cells. MSCs have been shown to express a variety of chemokines and chemokine receptors and can home to sites of inflammation by migrating towards injury or inflammatory chemokines and cytokines. MSCs are proven to have immunomodulatory properties that are among the most intriguing aspects of their biology. The immunosuppressive properties of MSCs inhibit the immune response of naive and memory T cells in a mixed lymphocyte culture and induce mitogen. The systemic infusion of MSCs can be used in immunosuppressive therapy of various disorders. MSCs have become an alternative source of cells that can be drawn from several these cells have been used as treatment to repair cartilage defects at early stages sources. Using the MSCs and directing them into chondrogenic differentiation might lead to the formation of higher quality cartilage, which has a great composition of hyaline, adequate structural reorganization and therefore improved biomechanical properties. Conclusion: It can be concluded that stem cells are classified according to their sources into two main types, the embryonic and non-embryonic. Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent and can differentiate into all germ layers. Non-embryonic stem cells can be sub-classified into fetal stem cells and adult stem cells. MSCs secrete bioactive factors that are anti-fibrotic and anti-apoptotic, as well as enhance angiogenesis. The systemic infusion of MSCs can be used in immunosuppressive therapy of various disorders. These cells have been used as treatment to repair cartilage defects at early stages.

Background: Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is a pandemic infectious disease caused by the novel coronavirus. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It is an aggressive virus that spread worldwide and is a systemic disease involving multiple systems, including respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, hematopoietic, neurological, immune, and urinogenital systems. Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate the alteration in fasting blood glucose, serum urea, creatinine, Na+, K+, and Cl- levels among COVID-19 patients in the Zawia region, Western Libya. Materials and Methods: 416 confirmed COVID-19 patients hospitalized in the Isolation Centre located in Zawia city, Libya. From the 1st May 2020 to the 30th March 2021, were enrolled in this prospective study. Covid-19 patients were defined as positive cases after the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in oro-nasopharyngeal swab samples. Demographic data were extracted from electronic medical records and patient files. Also, 30 healthy individuals without any chronic disease or respiratory symptoms were recruited for the control group. Blood samples were collected via vein puncture for estimating biochemical parameters (fasting blood glucose, serum urea, creatinine, Na+, K+, and Cl- concentrations). The statistical significance of differences between groups was evaluated with the Mann- Whitney (U test). Associations between different parameters were evaluated with the Spearman's test. Results: The results showed that coronavirus infection induced a significant increase in fasting blood glucose, serum urea, and creatinine concentrations. Infections also induced a decrease in serum sodium ion concentration, compared with healthy individuals. Seventy-six percent of corona virus-infected patients had hyperglycemia. Similarly, high levels of serum urea, creatinine, Cl-, Na+, and K+ were found in 40.9%, 39.9%, 27.9%, 8.9% and 6.5% of patients, respectively. Hyponatraemia, hypokalaemia, and hypochloremia were found in 35.5%, 13.7%, and 12.9% of patients. There were recorded a significant positive association between fasting blood glucose and serum urea, creatinine, and K+ concentration, between serum urea concentration and serum creatinine, K+, and Cl- concentrations, between serum creatinine and K+, and Cl- concentrations, and between serum Na+ and Cl- concentration, and a significant negative association between fasting blood glucose and serum Na+ and Cl- concentrations and between serum K+ and Na+ concentrations. Conclusion: It can be concluded that coronavirus infections induced increases in fasting blood glucose, serum urea, and creatinine, and a decrease in Na+ concentrations. There was a significant association between different parameters. These biochemical changes may help the clinicians to understand COVID-19 better and provide more clinical treatment options and prevent the serious complications of the disease. Thus, clinicians should pay special attention to fasting blood glucose, kidney function and electrolyte status of COVID-19 patients. Changes in fasting blood glucose, kidney function, and electrolyte levels can be a good indicator of disease progression.