No abstract

Plants perceive environmental stresses as whole organisms via distant signals conveying danger messages through their vasculature. In parallel to vascular transport, airborne plant volatile compounds, including green leaf volatiles (GLVs), can bypass the lack of vascular connection. However, some small volatile compounds move through the vasculature; such vascular transport is little known about GLVs. Here we illustrate GLV alcohols as solutes move within xylem vessels in Zea mays. We describe GLV alcohols, including Z-3-hexenol and its isomer E-3-hexenol, which is not synthesized in maize, is mobilized through the transpiration stream via xylem vessels. Since transpiration is mediated by stomatal aperture, closing stomata by two independent methods diminishes the transport of GLV alcohol and its isomer. In addition, lower transport of GLV alcohols impairs their function in inducing terpenoid biosynthesis suggesting xylem transport of GLV alcohols plays a significant role in their systemic function. Our study not only shows that GLV alcohols can be transported in the xylem but points to stomatal regulation as a mechanism that climatic factors such as drought, heat, flooding, and high CO levels affect systemic signaling functions of GLVs.

Plants perceive environmental stresses as whole organisms via distant signals conveying danger messages through their vasculature. In parallel to vascular transport, airborne plant volatile compounds, including green leaf volatiles (GLVs), can bypass the lack of vascular connection. However, some small volatile compounds move through the vasculature; such vascular transport is little known about GLVs. Here we illustrate GLV alcohols as solutes move within xylem vessels in Zea mays. We describe GLV alcohols, including Z-3-hexenol and its isomer E-3-hexenol, which is not synthesized in maize, is mobilized through the transpiration stream via xylem vessels. Since transpiration is mediated by stomatal aperture, closing stomata by two independent methods diminishes the transport of GLV alcohol and its isomer. In addition, lower transport of GLV alcohols impairs their function in inducing terpenoid biosynthesis suggesting xylem transport of GLV alcohols plays a significant role in their systemic function. Our study not only shows that GLV alcohols can be transported in the xylem but points to stomatal regulation as a mechanism that climatic factors such as drought, heat, flooding, and high CO levels affect systemic signaling functions of GLVs.

Distribution networks are critical in providing continuous potable water supplies to households and businesses. Trunk mains are the major arteries of the distribution network and convey large volumes of water over long distances. Worldwide, much of this infrastructure is made of ageing cast iron and is deteriorating at different rates. Many of these mains are beginning to approach the end of their service lives (with some already exceeding their design life) and consequently out of large populations of pipes, some are failing, although some still have considerable residual life.Trunk main failures can have significant social, health and safety, environmental and economic impacts. It is therefore imperative to prevent the wide-scale failure of trunk mains through the implementation of proactive asset management strategies. Such approaches require accurate condition assessment data across the network in conjunction with deterioration modelling to predict how the assets' condition and performance changes over time.This work, being part of a wider collaborative project, has outlined a deterioration modelling framework on the basis of existing physical probabilistic failure models and research focussing on residual mechanical properties, corrosion and the NDT detection of flaws. The developed deterioration model can be used to characterise individual pipes (deterministic approach), as well as the cohort/network modelling of pipes (probabilistic approach). Deterioration is assumed to be predominantly based on corrosion. Previously this has been dealt with in a rather simplistic manner. The broader work has, on the one hand, Urban Water II 401shown that corrosion mechanisms are rather different than previously thought and, on the other, that their effect on a given pipe can be variable. A corrosion model capable of simulating the distribution of corrosion properties of the primary defects is to be incorporated within the proposed modelling framework and the development of important aspects of this model are discussed here.