Despite growing urban electricity consumption, information on actual energy use in the household sector is still limited and causal factors leading to electricity consumption remain speculative due to urban expansion and its growing complexity, particularly in developing countries such as Malaysia. This study aims to examine the critical determinants of household electricity consumption by evaluating the patterns and flows of consumption and analysing relationships and their effects on electricity usage among 620 urban households in Seremban, Malaysia. Results suggest that the average urban household electricity consumption is 648.31 kWh/month; this value continues to grow with the increase in the household monthly income (r = 0.360; p < 0.01) and number of rooms (r = 0.360; p < 0.01) as quality of life improves. A large portion of electricity is allocated for kitchen/home consumption, followed by cooling and lighting. Multiple linear regressions revealed that married households with a high monthly income and living in spacious houses together with three to five people are important predictors of electricity consumption in Seremban. This study empirically identified that the number of rooms is the most critical factor of electricity consumption and strategies to increase energy efficiency, maintain resource sustainability and minimise greenhouse gas threat on the urban ecosystem are vital. Therefore, promoting low carbon initiatives for energy conservation and technology improvement and implementing policies in the domestic sector are essential to achieve the greatest potential energy consumption reduction in urban regions.

This study aimed to examines the nexus of population, gross domestic product (GDP) growth, electricity generation, electricity consumption, and carbon emissions output using the time series data. This study employed the time series analysis, Pearson correlation, and regressions analysis to identify the pattern, relationship among variables and determine the significant predictors contributing carbon emissions in Malaysia. The results shown a growing trend in GDP, population, electricity generation, consumption, and emissions output in Malaysia. The correlation analysis presented a positive linear relationship among GDP, population, electricity generation, electricity consumption, and emissions output. The growing trend in population and GDP has significantly resulted in high rate of electricity generation and consumption that leads to greater carbon emissions in Malaysia. The multiple linear regressions suggest that population plays an important role to influence the carbon emissions in power generation sector from 1970 to 2014. We summarized the aspect of generations, consumption, and emissions productions are highly dependent on human aspects and driven by the inhabitants of the country. According to these findings, it can be concluded that electrical power in Malaysia is human-dependent energy system. Therefore, sustainable energy generation and consumption are crucial as renewable energy is generating zero emissions. A more holistic policy and strategy is required to encourage sustainable resources at the same time reducing carbon emissions towards sustainable energy consumption in Malaysia.

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In such a large road transportation system, human factor plays a very significant role in ensuring a desirable balance between transport demand and safe operations. This paper presents a systemic analysis of three safety items, namely seatbelt for adult car occupants, child safety seats (CSS) for young occupants and helmet for motorcyclists, of which the success level is highly reliant on the road users' willingness to utilise them according to the recommended and proper usage. In a temporal view of road crashes, these safety items were part of 'during-crash' passive safety components i.e. to provide protection during the crash impact phase. This analysis includes the safety items benefits and issues, related road safety strategic programmes, current legal framework, and local research findings based on observational studies. The use of both helmet and seatbelt was mandatory but the move has so far produced mixed results. Meanwhile, CSS usage and acceptance are on the rise, although still at a nascent stage. This situation can be considered as 'below satisfactory compliance level', hence a more inclusive solution is needed, including the introduction of technology, to influence or compel road users to wear such safety items while on the road.

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