Internet of Things is advancing, and the augmented role of architecture in automating processes is at its vanguard. Mission-critical applications are becoming a vital category of future IoT applications, and due to the advancements in the 5G, the design of mission-critical application overcome a big hurdle. Missioncritical applications must be reliable, and the output should be known in advance. Therefore, to model such application, architecture is considered the cornerstone. One of the major requirements is the flexibility of the operation and the adaptability to new devices. In this paper, an optimal orchestration mechanism is proposed to automate the processes in a conventional multi-device and multi-task mission-critical architecture for flexible and scalable operations. The central goal of this paper is to threefold; first, to model tasks in such a way to maximize the flexibility in the operation plane. Secondly, to design a strongly correlated pair which has maximum relation and thus the chance to hit the task on the devices will be potentially maximized and also the idle time among operations is minimal. Lastly, to register devices in a network which is optimal for the group of this device in terms of correlation. We propose a multi-layer particle swarm optimization for each of the optimization objectives. Results show that the operation plan is flexible and with scaling up the problem size, the orchestration is still graceful and within the requirements of mission-critical applications. The performance of multi-level particle swarm optimization is compared with conventional single-level particle swarm optimization and it has been learned that the later is not only slower but also less accurate.INDEX TERMS Internet of Things, task modeling, mission-critical IoT systems, task mapping, task deployment, service orchestration, task orchestration.

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Remarkable resource management and energy efficiency improvements can be achieved in greenhouses using innovative technological advancements and modern agricultural methods. Deployment of Internet of Things (IoT) and optimization algorithms in greenhouse farming is highly desirable for real-time monitoring and controlling various parameters with optimal solutions. However, IoT based greenhouses require more energy as compared to traditional farming. This paper proposes an optimal greenhouse water supplement mechanism with efficient energy consumption based on IoT and optimization techniques. The first contribution of this study is to gather the actual water and soil moisture levels from the greenhouse and tank using IoT devices. Secondly, the formulation and deployment of an objective function to compute the optimal water and soil moisture levels for greenhouse and tank based on user-desired settings, the system constraints and actual sensing values. We applied a rule-based expert system to activate water pumps with the required flow rate and operational duration to achieve efficient energy consumption. To prove the effectiveness of the proposed concept, embedded IoT devices and objective function for optimization are deployed as well as, a number of experiments are conducted to provide the optimal water and soil moisture levels in a real greenhouse and water tank environment.

As the world population is increasing rapidly, food and water demands are the most crucial problem for humanity. In some areas of the world, water or environment is unsuitable for plant growth; hydroponic systems can provide a suitable environment for crop production with effective management of natural resources. Internet of Things paradigm based automated systems has been creating an excellent opportunity for monitoring and controlling agriculture by minimizing the cost and maximizing the profit significantly over the past decade. The reduction of the cost can be achieved by sufficient usage of resources and setting up optimum operational parameters for agricultural devices. This paper presents an optimization scheme with novel objective function for hydroponics environment parameters management with efficient energy consumption. The proposed approach provides optimal energy and resource utilization in the hydroponics system with setting up a working level and operational duration to the actuators. We have developed an optimization scheme with objective function for optimal humidity and water level control based on fuzzy logic, which can support the optimal measurement for crop growth with energy efficiency. Fuzzy logic control is applied for the compromise between actuators working level and operational duration. A real hydroponics environment has been implemented and presented to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. It can be assessed through the simulation results that the optimization module achieves a signification reduction (18%) in energy consumption as compared to the other scheme.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is expected to deliver a whole range of new services to all parts of our society, and improve the way we work and live. The challenges within the Internet of Things are often related to interoperability, device resource constraints, a device to device connection and security. One of the essential elements of identification for each Internet of Things devices is the naming system and addresses. With this naming system, Internet of Things devices can be able to be discoverable by users. In this paper, we propose the IoT resource auto-registration and accessing indoor services based on Domain Name System (DNS) in the Open Connectivity Foundation (OCF) environment. We have used the Internet of Things Platform and DNS server for IoT Resource auto-registration and discovery in the Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4). An existing system called Domain Name Auto-Registration in Internet Protocol version 6 can be used for Internet of Things devices for auto-registration and resource discovery. However, this system is not acceptable in the existing internet networks, because the highest percentage of the networks on the Internet are configured in Internet Protocol version 4. Through the proposed auto-registration system, clients can be able to discover the resources and access the services in the OCF network. Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) is utilized for the IoT device auto-registration and accessing the services in the OCF network.