Aims Skeletal muscle wasting is affected by the gut microbiota dysbiosis through multiple pathways, including inflammatory process, defected immune system, and anabolic resistance. We aimed to systematically review the studies investigating the gut microbiota composition in sarcopenic and cachexic humans and animals. Methods We carried out a comprehensively systematic search using relevant keywords on PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases until July 2021. Original human observational research and animal studies related to our research topics published in English were selected. Results Seven human studies and five animal studies were included. Three human studies were case-control, whereas the other four were cross-sectional studies that investigated three different conditions, including age-related sarcopenia, as well as liver cirrhosis and cancer cachexia. The principal alteration in age-related sarcopenia and liver cirrhosis-induced sarcopenia was a reduction in short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) -producing bacteria. Lachnospiraceae family, consisting of Lachnospira, Fusicatenibacter, Roseburia, and Lachnoclostridium, significantly decreased in age-related sarcopenia, while in liver cirrhosis-induced sarcopenia, the alpha diversity of gut microbiota decreased compared with the control group. Moreover, Enterobacteriaceae, which has a pro-inflammatory effect increased in muscle-wasted animals. Conclusion This systematic review presents associations between the gut microbiota alterations and skeletal muscle wasting as a consequence of various pathologies, including aging sarcopenia, renal failure, and cancer cachexia in both human and animal studies.
BackgroundGestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a health challenge during pregnancy and is associated with adverse effects. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota may play a role in developing inflammation and insulin resistance observed in GDM. Probiotics are supposed to be influential in preventing GDM since they can alter the composition of microbiota in the intestine. Despite the existing studies on the therapeutic effects of probiotics in women with GDM, in this study we aim to systematically review and meta-analyze the results of randomized control trials (RCTs) on the beneficial effects of probiotics supplements on the prevention of GDM in healthy pregnant women.MethodsWeb of science, Scopus and PubMed databases were searched via a precise strategy to gather RCTs related to our study. Duplication removal, screening and data extraction were conducted by two researchers, independently. Quality assessment of eligible studies was conducted by Cochrane risk of bias tool. Meta-analysis was conducted using the random effects model due to substantial heterogeneity among studies.ResultsTen articles met our eligibility criteria from our initial search of 451 articles. Two thousand nine hundred and twenty-one participants without previously diagnosed glucose disturbance were included in our analysis. Probiotics reduced GDM incidence by 33% (RR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.47, 0.95), while greater effect was detected in trials using multiple-strains probiotics (RR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.42, 0.99). We did not detect any significant benefits or harms related to probiotics supplements on secondary outcomes including GDM related infantile and maternal complications including preeclampsia, caesarian section, mothers' weight gain during pregnancy, prematurity, macrosomia, hypoglycemia, NICU admission, and birth weight.ConclusionProbiotics supplementation may reduce the incidence of GDM and help control glucose parameters in pregnant women. Further studies are warranted regarding the GDM-related maternal and infantile complications.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42022315550, identifier: CRD42022315550.
Background Metabolic syndrome (MetS), as a cluster of cardiometabolic risk factors, is a global public health concern due to its increasing prevalence. Considering the previous evidence of the association between carbohydrate quality and cardiometabolic risk factors, our study was aimed to evaluate any possible association between carbohydrate quality index (CQI) and cardiometabolic risk factors among obese adults. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 336 apparently healthy individuals with obesity were participated. Dietary intake was assessed by a semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), including 168 food items validated for the Iranian population. CQI was calculated with three components of solid carbohydrates to total carbohydrates ratio, dietary fiber intake, and dietary glycemic index (GI). Body composition was determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Blood pressure was measured by sphygmomanometer and enzymatic methods were used to evaluate serum lipid, glucose, and insulin concentrations. Results Subjects in the third quartile of CQI had significantly lower systolic blood pressure (SBP) (P = 0.03) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (P = 0.01). Participants in the higher quartiles of CQI had more intake of energy, carbohydrates, fat, saturated fatty acid (SFA), and mono-saturated fatty acid (MUFA) (P < 0.05). Moreover, the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was decreased in the second quartile of CQI [odds ratio (OR) = 0.146, P = 0.01) after adjustment for age, body mass index (BMI), sex, physical activity, socioeconomic status (SES) and energy intake. Conclusion According to our findings, a higher quality of dietary carbohydrates, determined by CQI, could be associated with a lower risk of hypertension.
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are known for their significant capability to reconstitute and preserve a functional hematopoietic system in long-term periods after transplantation into conditioned hosts. HSCs are thus crucial cellular targets for the continual repair of inherited hematologic, metabolic, and immunologic disorders. In addition, HSCs can undergo various fates, such as apoptosis, quiescence, migration, differentiation, and self-renewal. Viruses continuously pose a remarkable health risk and request an appropriate, balanced reaction from our immune system, which as well as affects the bone marrow (BM). Therefore, disruption of the hematopoietic system due to viral infection is essential. In addition, patients for whom the risk-to-benefit ratio of HSC transplantation (HSCT) is acceptable have seen an increase in the use of HSCT in recent years. Hematopoietic suppression, BM failure, and HSC exhaustion are all linked to chronic viral infections. Virus infections continue to be a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in HSCT recipients, despite recent advancements in the field. Furthermore, whereas COVID-19 manifests initially as an infection of the respiratory tract, it is now understood to be a systemic illness that significantly impacts the hematological system. Patients with advanced COVID-19 often have thrombocytopenia and blood hypercoagulability. In the era of COVID-19, Hematological manifestations of COVID-19 (i.e., thrombocytopenia and lymphopenia), the immune response, and HSCT may all be affected by the SARS-CoV-2 virus in various ways. Therefore, it is important to determine whether exposure to viral infections may affect HSCs used for HSCT, as this, in turn, may affect engraftment efficiency. In this article, we reviewed the features of HSCs, and the effects of viral infections on HSCs and HSCT, such as SARS-CoV-2, HIV, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, HIV, etc.
Background: This study aimed to investigate whether or not anthropometric indices are associated with hypertension in a sample of Iranian older adults. Methods: This cross-sectional study used the data from the first wave of Birjand Longitudinal Aging Study (BLAS) (n=1364). Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) were assessed as the old anthropometric indices, and body roundness index (BRI) and a body shape index (ABSI) were assessed as new body composition indices. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP & DBP) were measured and used to assess hypertension (HTN). Analyses were conducted using binary logistic regression and receiver-operating characteristic curves (AUC) analysis. Results: Prevalence of obesity was the highest based on BMI (59%). The best predictor of HTN were WC and BMI (AUC= 0.6 and 0.62). Before and after adjusting for confounders, high BMI and high WC had the strongest direct association with the presence of HTN, high SBP and high DBP in total population and in men and women separately. In women, BRI was significantly associated with DBP (OR: 1.60, 95%CI: 1.01; 2.52, P= 0.04. ABSI was not associated with blood pressure (P> 0.05). Conclusions: The result of this study showed that old obesity indices are better predictors of HTN and BMI and WC are more strongly associated with HTN than the new indices. BRI is only associated with DBP in women.
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