No abstract

Polymer gels have been effectively employed as a water management material for profile control and water shutoff treatments in low-middle temperature and low-middle salinity reservoirs. However, most polymer gel systems have limitations under high temperature and salinity reservoir conditions, such as short gelation time, poor strength, and long-term instability. Therefore, several researchers have developed enhanced polymer gels to satisfy the water control requirements in high temperature and salinity reservoirs. This work reviews the five main types of enhanced polymer gels that have been developed so far: nano silica-enhanced gel systems, cellulose-enhanced gel systems, graphite-enhanced gel systems, oily sludge-enhanced gel systems, and foam-enhanced polymer gel systems. Further, this article investigates the fundamental properties, strengthening and crosslinking mechanisms, reservoir application conditions, and field applications of several enhanced polymer systems. In this paper, it is found that the addition of strengthening materials can increase the bound water content in the gel network and significantly improve the temperature and salt resistance of polymer gel, so as to cope with the application of profile control and water plugging in high temperature and high salt reservoirs. Moreover, it also offers references and future research directions for enhanced polymer gel systems.

No abstract

No abstract

Surfactant and polymer flooding are the vital techniques used in petroleum industry to enhance the oil recovery. Development and advancement in such techniques has occurred time by time to overcome the challenges of oil and gas recovery. However, micro fluid chips and its development provide a new way to understand the real time behavior of fluid flow in porous media. The essence of this study has been achieved by collecting the information from literature studies and sorted the useful information to organize the pattern of micromodels chip revolution. In this study, first precise review is conducted by the innovations of micromodel chips into timescale from 1952 till date. Second, advancement in micromodel chip technology is included based on different periods of time where micromodel chips have evolved from chip design to nano scale visualization of chips. Third, some recommendations are proposed based on evolution of micromodel chip technology that it not only requires less time but also minimizing the massive experimental setup and complications. The overall finding of this research propose that in current times some microfluidic reforms made recently has played versatile role in improving injection chemical selection and similar improvements are expected to be developed in near future.