Background: Despite significant public health intervention, maternal mortality remains high in low- and middle-income countries, including Ethiopia. Effective postnatal care is a critical service to reduce maternal mortality. In Ethiopia, only 17% of mothers received postnatal care service in 2016. This study examined the association between antenatal care and timely postnatal care checkup among reproductive age women in Ethiopia.Methods: The study used the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey data. The sample consisted of 4,081 women who give birth within the last two years prior to survey. Chi-square test and multivariable logistic regression were used to examine the association between antenatal care and timely initiation of postnatal care.Results: Postnatal care services within 2 days of delivery were received by 16.5% of women. Women who had at least four timely antenatal care visits had higher odds of timely postnatal checkup compared to women who had no antenatal care [adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR): 2.50; 95% Confidence Interval (95%CI) 1.42–4.42]. Women who had at least four antennal care visits without timely initiation also had higher odds of postnatal check-up than their counterparts (aOR: 2.46; 95%CI: 1.22–4.97). Other factors significantly associated with timely initiation of PNC were secondary and above education (aOR: 1.64; 95%CI: 1.03–2.60), perceived distance to the nearby health facility as significant barrier (aOR: 1.55; 95%CI: 1.15–2.09), primiparous (aOR: 0.34; 95%CI: 0.19–0.61) and institutional delivery (aOR: 14.55; 95%CI: 2.21–95.77).Conclusion: Timely initiation of postnatal care within two days of delivery in Ethiopia is very low. Women who received recommended antenatal care services had higher odds of timely initiation of postnatal care. Thus, strengthening the existing maternal and child health programs to adhere to the recommended ANC care guidelines may improve timely initiation of postnatal care.