The grounding resistance value is directly proportional to soil resistivity. The resistance value is better as low as possible for the equipment body grounding. The purpose is to provide a path of the short circuit current flows to the ground as protection and safety personal and also the equipment. The soil resistivity great is influenced by moisture and substance content in the soil. The highland soil and rocky soil commonly are poor the soil resistivity. Transmission line towers can be not avoided through the highland region. To reduce the soil resistivity value can widely be carried out by addition low material resistance (LMR) or LMR composite other materials. This research, to mitigate the value of the soil resistivity can be carried out by addition low material resistance (LMR) Zeolite composite with NaCl, Charcoal, and Soil. Various compositions of the LMR, NaCl, and Charcoal were used to find the lowest grounding resistance at certain depth. The three-point method was used to measure the grounding resistance value. The research result gives information that best composition is 90% Zeolite, 5% NaCL and 5% charcoal for the rod depth of 1.2m, the resistance decrease from 94.3Ω down to 5.3Ω (94.4%). The LMR Zeolite is dominant influence to reduce the grounding resistance.
All Grounding planning of a substation is important and various design applications are available using calculation uniform soil resistivity, even though actual resistivity data measured is more than one layer. This is caused by limited availability of the application in processing data only for resistivity one layer. Substation grounding grid application (ASPG) 1.0 can be used for designing grid grounding. The ASPG was developed from Lab View software and has ability to data process for resistivity two-layer that to refer IEEE Std. 80-2013. Grid grounding resistance is considering a combination of grid conductor and ground conductor. This paper discusses the calculation of the magnitude of substation grid grounding using formulas developed by Schwarz, Sulivan and Sunde. The design result obtained is more accurate in substitute resistivity for resistivity two-layer model and calculation grounding resistance substation.
Kavitasi yaitu proses terbentuknya gelembung-gelembung air pada turbin karena tekanan air pada turbin turun menjadi tekanan uap jenuh yang menyebabkan getaran, pengikisan, dan penurunan efisiensi. Fenomena kavitasi tersebut dapat diprediksi dan dihindari dengan menghitung besar tingkat kavitasi turbin yang berasal dari hasil perbandingan nilai angka Thoma aktual dan kritis. Tingkat kavitasi yang diteliti yaitu pada Sisi Masuk Pipa Isap (Draft Tube) di Turbin Francis Vertikal Unit 3 PLTA Siguragura P.T. Inalum (Persero). Tingkat kavitasi sebagai variabel terikat diteliti pengaruhnya dengan bukaan sudu pengarah (Guide Vane Opening/GVO) sebagai variabel bebas pada penelitian ini. Besar GVO yang dipakai dalam penelitian ini ada sembilan variasi yaitu sebesar 19,5 mm; 78 mm; 102 mm; 129,5 mm; 136 mm; 143 mm; 150 mm; 160,5 mm; dan 195 mm. Berdasarkan penelitian ini diperoleh nilai tingkat kavitasi pada setiap GVO. Tingkat kavitasi diperoleh melalui 2 metode yaitu metode perhitungan dan simulasi. Berdasarkan metode perhitungan diperoleh tingkat kavitasi terbesar pada penelitian ini yaitu sebesar 0,9743 pada GVO sebesar 195 mm, tingkat kavitasi terkecil yaitu sebesar 0,8099 pada GVO sebesar 102 mm; sedangkan pada metode simulasi diperoleh tingkat kavitasi terbesar yaitu sebesar 0,9734 pada GVO 195 mm dan tingkat kavitasi terkecilnya yaitu sebesar 0,8090 pada GVO 102 mm. Sisi masuk pipa isap tersebut mengalami kavitasi apabila tingkat kavitasinya melebihi nilai 1 atau nilai angka Thoma aktual lebih besar dari nilai angka Thoma kritis. Kavitasi tidak terjadi pada sisi masuk pipa isap apabila tingkat kavitasinya kurang dari nilai 1 atau nilai angka Thoma aktual lebih kecil dari nilai angka Thoma kritis. Jadi, besar GVO yang terbaik untuk menghindari kavitasi di Sisi MasukPipa Isap Turbin Francis Vertikal Unit 3 PLTA Siguragura, yaitu sebesar 102 mm karena memiliki tingkat kavitasi terkecil; sedangkan besar GVO yang dihindari dan paling rentan terkena kavitasi yaitu sebesar 195 mm karena memiliki tingkat kavitasi terbesar.
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