Menzles, M. A. Can. J . Chem. Eng. 1971, 49, 407. Lenhoff, A. M.; Morarl, M. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1982, 37, 245. Null, H. R. Chem. Eng. frog. 1978. 72. 58. Rathore, R. N. S.; Van Wormer, K. A.; Powers, 0. J. AIChE J . 1974, 20, Robertson, J. C. Chem. Eng. 1974, 81, 104. Roblnscn, C. S.; ollllland, E. R. "Elements of Fractional Distillation", 4th ed.; Tyreus, 8. D.; Luyben, W. L. /fydrmrbon frocess. 1975, 54. 93.Data on the reverse osmosls separations of Inorganic electrolytes and organic nonelectrolytes from methanol solutions were generated together with corresponding liquid chromatography data. Transport equations based on the surface force-pore flow model for reverse osmosis were applied to calculate the force constants associated with steric hindrance, electrostatic repulsion, and van der Waals attraction. These constants enable prediction of the separations of inorganic and the organic solutes studled when the pore radius of a membrane Is given. The solute separations from methanol solutlons were compared with those from aqueous solutions by use of the data from membranes of nearly equal effective pore sizes. The formation of agglomerates enhances the separation from the aqueous solution, particularly In the case of hydrocarbon solutes. The interfacial solvation and the consequentlal steric repulsion at the Interface are higher for cations of higher charge densky and lower for cations of lower charge density In methanol solvent systems compared to aqueous solvent systems.

The technical and economic viability has been determined for cross flow ultrafiltration of oilfield produced water with the goal of producing oil-free water for steam generation. Experiments with produced water supplied from various oil producing sites of Western Canada have been performed with successful permeation rates and permeate quality. The resistance to membrane fouling and other factors that decrease permeation rate have been determined in long term experiments. These results have been used to prepare a cost survey of the cross flow ultrafiltration process, and this has been compared to conventional treatment. The results indicate the level of performance that must be maintained in the ultrafiltration process to be economically advantageous.

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Pervaporation was investigated as an alternative process for the separation of methanol from a mixture of C 4 and C, hydrocarbons and methyl ethers in the production of MTBE (methyl tertiary-butyl ether) and TAME (tertiary-amyl methyl ether). A preliminary screening of pervaporation membranes was performed by using reactor effluent produced in a pilot scale etherification reactor. Nafion and a cellulose based membrane were chosen for further testing and showed similar performance.

Reverse osmosis separations of 20 inorganic solutes from ethanol solutions were studied by using porous cellulose acetate membranes. The experimental results were analyzed by basic transport equations developed by Kimura and Sourirajan. On the basis of the above analysis the free energy parameters of ions were calculated and compared with the values obtained from water and methanol solvent systems. The study confirms that the difference in the free energy parameters among univalent cations and univalent anions is widened in the solvent of a lower dielectric constant; such an enhanced difference is further reflected in the increase of the difference among inorganic solute separations from the solvent of a lower dielectric constant. Consequently, fractionation of inorganic solutes can be performed more easily in ethanol solvent than in water and in methanol solvent.