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be used either to determine the minimum usable frequency of operation available for a given antenna size, or to determine the absolute minimum antenna size possible to operate at a given frequency.This work also examines the off-angle performance of the antenna and finds it extremely well behaved with very little change observed in the shape of the pattern or off-angle axial ratio over all substrates simulated. A designer may assume that over the parameterization region given, these variables will not strongly affect the nature of the off-angle performance. difference between equiangular and archimedes spiral antennas (correspondence), IEEE Trans Microwave Theory Tech 9 (1961), 203-205. 6. R. Bawer and J.J. Wolfe, The spiral antenna