No abstract

The necessity for an efficient way to develop energy planning in urban environments is increasingly part of the reality of cities. In this sense, tools with the ability to evaluate the installation of distributed generation systems become widely necessary for the elaboration of efficient projects. In this sense, our article aims to evaluate 20 tools from the point of view of urban photovoltaic (PV) planning, considering functionalities such as simulation, scenario generation, bottom-up, availability and application in urban PV; PV is the most widespread power plant in urban environments, with great dissemination capacity.

Based on the worldwide proposition of energy matrix scenarios for 2050, the objective of this article is to present scenarios of electricity generation for Ceará in 2050, showing the participation of sources already used in the state's electric matrix and adding new ones. The article proposes three scenarios: a conservative one, where the present proportion of electricity generation sources of the state is maintained, a transitional one, with 50% of electricity generation from non-renewable sources and the other 50% from renewable sources, and 100% renewable, without the use of fossil or nuclear fuels. Estimates for 2050 in the state are obtained by extrapolating generation data from 2011 to 2017, reaching an estimated 94,775 GWh. In the conservative scenario, it is observed that half of this generation is made by thermoelectric plants and the other half by wind farms. In the transition scenario, dominated by the use of natural gas, the exponential growth of photovoltaic generation stands out. In the 100% renewable scenario, dominated by wind farms, in addition to the similar growth of photovoltaic generation as in the transition scenario, we highlight the use of urban solid waste and solar thermal concentration plants.

The increasing energy demand is a global concern, directly associated with indicators of greenhouse gases and air pollution. These, in turn, are directly related to the physical, social and economic aspects of cities. One way to minimize such impacts is to diversify the energy matrix with renewable sources. On the other hand, the use of wind and solar plants are susceptible to multiple conflicts, due to urban aesthetics, technology scale or directionality of the energy flow across individual property limits. Considering that the urban form directly impacts the energy demand and the existence of conflicts arising from the use of renewable sources, the integration between urban and energy planning plays an important role in mitigating the risks associated with the growth of renewable generation. With such motivation, we propose a comparative analysis of the main tools of urban and / or energy planning through a systematic review of the literature. The methodology of the literature review and the results are presented through a table with the evaluated functionalities: Scenarios, simulations, energy conditioning, integration with GIS systems and ability to integrate with cities master plans.