Residual stresses induced by orthogonal cutting in AISI 316L standard and resulfurized steels have been investigated, with attention given to the role played by the cutting parameters, such as cutting speed, feed rate, tool geometry and tool coating. Depth pro®les of residual stress have been determined using the X-ray diffraction technique. The effect of cutting conditions and tool nature on residual stresses are analyzed in association with thermal and mechanical events, recorded during the cutting tests. The tool temperature distribution has been determined by a speci®c CCD infrared camera technique and the cutting forces by a Kistler table set up on the lathe. # 1999 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.

In the present investigation, an analysis of the thermal aspects associated with the machining of low alloyed carbon steel is carried out. A new technique, based on the use of an infrared± chargecoupled device (CCD) camera, has been developed to determine the complete distribution of temperatures at the cutting edge of the tool. Special attention is paid to the study of the in¯uence of the tool nature, geometry and cutting parameters on the temperature distribution in the cutting zone. The role of workpiece material treatment has also been studied and the existence of a correlation between tool/chip interface temperatures and microstructure evolution of the material during cutting has been discussed in terms of phase transformation observations. The experimental thermal analysis of metal cutting is completed with a ®nite element model that permits the heat transfer mechanisms in the cutting zone to be analysed and the in¯uence of various parameters such as cutting speed, feed rate or material properties to be understood.

Machining presents strongly-coupled thermal, mechanical, and metallurgical phenomena, such as friction, plasticity, and wear. A knowledge of the temperature at any point in the cutting zone is consequently essential to understanding the cutting process. A method using infrared analysis with CCD (silicon) sensors, which can directly provide the entire thermal map of the surfaces in the cutting zone is presented. This method can validate numerical models and can provide information on the influence of different cutting parameters and conditions. The influence of the tool and the coating on the temperature distribution is also discussed.