Breathing (especially deep breathing) antagonises development and persistence of airflow obstruction during bronchoconstrictor stimulation. Force fluctuations imposed on contracted airway smooth muscle (ASM) in vitro result in its relengthening, a phenomenon called force fluctuation-induced relengthening (FFIR). Because breathing imposes similar force fluctuations on contracted ASM within intact lungs, FFIR represents a likely mechanism by which breathing antagonises bronchoconstriction. While this bronchoprotective effect appears to be impaired in asthma, corticosteroid treatment can restore the ability of deep breaths to reverse artificially induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic subjects. It has previously been demonstrated that FFIR is physiologically regulated through the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway. While the beneficial effects of corticosteroids have been attributed to suppression of airway inflammation, the current authors hypothesised that alternatively they might exert their action directly on ASM by augmenting FFIR as a result of inhibiting p38 MAPK signalling.This possibility was tested in the present study by measuring relengthening in contracted canine tracheal smooth muscle (TSM) strips.The results indicate that dexamethasone treatment significantly augmented FFIR of contracted canine TSM. Canine tracheal ASM cells treated with dexamethasone demonstrated increased MAPK phosphatase-1 expression and decreased p38 MAPK activity, as reflected in reduced phosphorylation of the p38 MAPK downstream target, heat shock protein 27.These results suggest that corticosteroids may exert part of their therapeutic effect through direct action on airway smooth muscle, by decreasing p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activity and thus increasing force fluctuation-induced relengthening.

With the view to synthesizing conformationally restricted nonpeptide mimetics for the investigation of the relationship between peptide structure and function, the compound (IX) is prepared as shown in the scheme.

The reduction of detectors in PET s y stems, with out significantl y compromising the PET utilit y , is an important cost consideration in a PET-s y stem design. Recent advances in algorithm development can be used for enabling the design and assessment of innovative PET s y stems. In this work, we investi gate PET configurations with reduced number of detectors b y using the ASD-POCS algorithm that was developed originall y for image reconstruction in CT. We carr y out simulation studies that demonstrate the potential of the algorithm in enabling the design of advanced PET imaging configurations with reduced number of detectors.

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