One hundred Pisolithus isolates, 85 Australian and 15 non-Australian collections, were compared and classified according to basidiospore and basidiome morphology, cultural characteristics and separation of polypeptides using 10 SOS-PAGE. Basidiocarps were extremely varied and 13 types were recognized ranging in size from 2 to 20 em with various stipe types, peridium features and different coloured spore masses. Four basidiospore types were recognized within Australia. These corresponded to a large group found Australia-wide, a smaller group found throughout south-western Australia and two small groups confined to single locations. Seven culture types were described, ranging from submerged, slow growing colonies to aerial, fast growing colonies. 10 SOS-PAGE of all Pisolithus isolates identified 30 soluble polypeptides between 24 and 43 kOa that were used to group the isolates using a numerical taxonomic analysis. Basidiospore groups were readily discernible within the polypeptide groups. In addition, analysis of the polypeptide patterns alone or in combination with baSidiospore and culture characteristics, resulted in groups that corresponded to host species and geographiC location. These observations were further demonstrated by an ordination using the multi-dimensional scaling procedure. One cluster was composed of all the non-Australian isolates collected beneath Pinus, whilst within Australia, isolates from the eastern, southern and western seaboards fell into distinct clusters. These studies indicate that phenotypic analysis of polypeptide patterns can provide a meaningful classification system to assist in isolate selection for future experiments.

JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. ABSTRACTEntry of water into the testa of hard seeds of Albizia lophantha (WilId.) Benth. is controlled by a small strophiolar plug (0.3 x 0.25 mm), adjacent to the hilum, which is lost by eruption after heating. Movement of water through the testa is facilitated by the vascular bundle which arches close to the strophiole. Each seed imbibes 90 to 110 p] of water. This water enters the testa with an average flux of 165 pl/mm2/hr. Development of the testa is described with particular relevance to the strophiolar plug and associated tissues. bizia ALBIZIA section Lophan-tha (Fosberg, 1965) is mainly tropical in distribution with one species, Abizia lophantha (Willd.) Benth., an outlier in the temperate forests of south west Western Australia. This small mesophytic understorey leguminous tree some 4-5 m high has a frequency of distribution governed by periodicity of fire. Seeds, which are shed in January, germinate in ash beds after exposure to fire. Because the hard seed coat is impenetrable to water less the 5% of each seed crop germinates without heat. This paper describes the mechanism in this species by which hardseededness is overcome by heat allowing imbibition to occur. Water uptake in Albizia is discussed in relation to published accounts of other hard legume seeds.MATERIALS AND METHODS-Plant material-Immature and mature seeds were obtained from plants in the jarrah forest near Perth and from specimens originally collected near the Pallinup River, Western Australia. Imbibition and germination-Seeds routinely were placed in boiling water for 2 min. All measurements were carried out on seeds imbibed at 25 C. Increase in weight of testa and embryo was measured by harvesting seeds at intervals after imbibition had commenced.Microscopy-Seeds were fixed in 2-5% glutaraldehyde in 0.03M PO4 buffer, at pH 7 for 12-24 hr at room temperature. The material was dehydrated and embedded in glycol methacrylate after Feder and O'Brien (1968). Sec-1

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& Key message Globally, mangrove forests are under threat from a range of causes. They also represent a large potential form of climate mitigation and adaptation via reforestation, and this investment may contribute to restoration efforts and reverse mangrove decline. There has been significant (c. 200,000 ha) mangrove reforestation and restoration activity in Vietnam, and these projects provide indicators of the causes of project failure or success, and what is required for more complex restoration of ecosystem services. Failure in mangrove programs can be attributed to lack of understanding of the reasons for the loss of mangroves, poor site and species selection, and lack of incentives to engage local residents in the long-term management of restored areas. Overcoming these impediments and adopting monitoring and reporting procedures that consider both areal success and ecosystem function will provide a more robust approach for future mangrove restoration projects. & Context Over the last three decades there has been considerable (c. 200,000 ha) state and non-government investment in mangrove programs in Vietnam. The main objectives have been coastal protection and stabilization and the production of forest products, with fisheries, climate mitigation, and adaptation and ecosystem restoration as minor objectives. These have had reportedly varied success in terms of long-term survival rates.Much focus hasbeen on the use of mono-species rather than restoring functioning mangrove ecosystems. & Aims This paper provides an overview of the status of mangroves in Vietnam and considers the effectiveness of mangrove restoration efforts based on an analysis of these reports. We develop and recommend approaches to make future mangrove restoration programs more effective. & Result First, we provide an overview of mangrove distribution and mangrove deforestation in Vietnam. Second, we analyse major mangrove projects by investigating their objectives and exploring reasons for their success or failure. Third, we suggest approaches for successful mangrove restoration activities in the context of current international agreements on climate change. Failure in some mangrove restoration programs in Vietnam can be attributed to lack of understanding of the reasons for the loss of mangroves and of site hydrology, poor site and species selection, lack of long-term monitoring and management, and lack of incentives to engage local communities in the long-term management of restored areas. Removal of these impediments will increase restoration success. & Conclusion The widespread and varied mangrove reforestation and restoration activities in Vietnam allow the analysis of different approaches and identification of the key factors leading to restoration success. These include care with species selection, having clear protocols for monitoring and reporting and implementing a co-management approach that provides incentives for local communities to benefit from the management of restored mangroves.

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