Background: Watermelon is a rich natural source of l-citrulline. This non-essential amino acid increases exercise performance.Objective: Evaluate the effect of Fashion watermelon juice enriched in l-citrulline (CWJ) (3.45 g per 500 mL) in physical performance and biochemical markers after a half-marathon race.Design: A randomised, double blind, crossover design where 2 h after drinking 500 mL of CWJ or placebo (PLA, beverage without l-citrulline) amateur male runners performed two half-marathon races. Jump height, heart rate and rating of perceived exertion were evaluated before and after the races. Moreover, muscle soreness and plasma markers of muscle damage and metabolism were evaluated for 72 h after the races.Results: Muscle soreness perception was significantly lower from 24 to 72 h after the race with CWJ beverage. Immediately after the races, runners under CWJ condition showed plasma lactate and glucose concentrations significantly lower and higher lactate dehydrogenase and l-arginine concentration than runners under PLA. A maintenance of jump heights after the races under CWJ supplementation was found, decreasing significantly with PLA.Conclusion: A single Fashion watermelon juice enriched in l-citrulline dose diminished muscle soreness perception from 24 to 72 h after the race and maintained lower concentrations of plasma lactate after an exhausting exercise.
L-Arginine (Arg) has been widely used due to its functional properties as a substrate for nitric oxide (NO) generation. However, L-citrulline (CIT), whose main natural source is watermelon, is a non-essential amino acid but which has important health potential. This review provides a comprehensive approach to different studies of the endogenous synthesis of CIT, metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics as well as its ergogenic effect in exercise performance. The novel aspect of this paper focuses on the different effects of CIT, citrulline malate and CIT from natural sources such as watermelon on several topics, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, erectile dysfunction, cancer, and exercise performance. CIT from watermelon could be a natural food-sourced substitute for pharmacological products and therefore the consumption of this fruit is promoted.
l-Citrulline is a nonessential amino acid precursor of arginine and indirectly a precursor of nitric oxide (NO), which is a vasodilator and increases mitochondrial respiration. On the other hand, the antioxidant pomegranate ellagitannins are precursors of urolithin A, which has been associated with mitophagy and increased muscle function. To elucidate if a single dose of watermelon enrichment with these compounds could have a positive effect after high-intensity exercise (eight sets of eight repetitions of half-squat exercise), a double-blind randomized crossover in vivo study was performed in healthy male subjects (n = 19). Enrichment juices maintained basal levels of blood markers of muscle damage, such as lactate dehydrogenase and myoglobin, and showed a significant maintenance of force during the exercise and a significant decrease in the rating of perceived exertion and muscle soreness after exercise. A positive effect was observed between l-citrulline and ellagitannins, improving the ergogenic effect of watermelon juice.
BackgroundPharmacotherapeutic interventions (PI) for allergy to medicines allows for an increase in the patient’s safety and the patient’s quality of care.PurposeAnalysis of the PI for allergy to medicines carried out on patients who are in a tertiary hospital.Material and methodsRetrospective descriptive study carried out during January, February and March 2017.A database was designed where patients who had been subjected to a PI for allergy to medicines were gathered together. The following variables were established: age, sex, pharmacotherapeutic group or medicine to which the patient was allergic, reports and valuation from the Allergy Service (AS), PI carried out and also agreement or not on the part of the doctor responsible for the patient.ResultsOne hundrd and three patients were identified with PI for allergy to medicines, 37 of which were males. The average age was 66%±19.35. 75.78% (n=78) patients were allergic to non-steroid antiinflammatories, 11.65% (n=12) to betalactam antibiotics, 4.85% (n=5) to sulphamides, 2.91% (n=3) to fluourquinalones, 0.97% (n=1) to corticoids and 3.88% (n=4) were lactose-intolerant. 7.77%( n=8) patients had been prescribed the medicine to which they were allergic. In 92.23% (n=95) patients the prescribed medicine was from the same therapeutic group and/or there was the possibility of crossed hyper-sensitivity reactions.In 83.49% (n=86) patients the allergy had not been studied by the AS. In 8.74% (n=9) cases the allergy was confirmed, in 2.91% (n=3) cases it was discarded and 4.85% (n=5) patients continued the study.74.76% (n=77) of the interventions were accepted by the doctor. In 18.45% (n=19) cases the prescribed medicine was suspended. In the rest the doctor confirmed tolerance to the medicine. 25.24% (n=26) of the interventions were not accepted.ConclusionThe number of PI for allergy to medicines was high, in spite of the fact that the allergy was indicated in alerts of the programme of clinical histories Selene®. In the majority of cases the allergy was not studied by the AS which supposes that many patients did not receive treatment that could have benefited them.The elaboration of an informative bulletin about allergies to medicines by the pharmaceutical service, directed at medical and nursing staff could be a useful tool for identifying possible allergies to medicines and crossed hypersensitivity reactions, increasing the safety of the patient.No conflict of interest
administration, for example, must be the oil-in-water type. However, a good stability is required. The aim of the present study is the formulation of emulsion based on paraffin oil and to evaluate the influence of gum arabic content and mixing rate on the stability of emulsions. Material and methods Distilled water was used as a dispersant phase (75%) and paraffin oil as a dispersed phase (20%). Tween 80 and Span 80 served as mix surfactants (60/40). The formulation was performed according to the Lipophilic Balance-Hydrophilic (HLB) method. Gum arabic concentrations ranging from 2.5%-10% w/w were used. The stability of the emulsions was evaluated by centrifugation at 4000 rpm for 15 min. The creamer index (IC) was used for the interpretation of the results. The emulsions thus prepared are mixed at 4000, 8000 and16000 rpm for 10 min. Results The IC of emulsions ranged from 29%-30% with a HLB of 10.72. High levels of gum arabic (10, 7.5 and 5% (w/w)) increased the creaming, therefore the stability was decreased. After addition of 2.5% (w/w) of gum arabic, 1.6% creaming was observed. In 3% (w/w) gum arabic-containing emulsion, no creaming was observed. Microscopic images of emulsions mixed at 4000, 8000 and 16000 rpm, showed that emulsion prepared at 16000 rpm had homogeneously distributed individual small droplets with no sign of flocculation compared to the others. Conclusion The present experiment has shown that a concentration of 3% w/w gum arabic, and a mixing rate of 16000 rpm provided the optimum stability of oil-paraffin emulsion. REFERENCE AND/OR ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSRamin L, et al. Soy protein isolate and gum arabic composite affects stability of beverage emulsion. Iran J Chem Eng 2009;6.No conflict of interest.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
Copyright © 2025 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.