In recent years, the perspective of applying hafnium oxide (HfO 2 ) has geared up in various field of medical science such as neutron detection, bioimplants, biosensors, radiotherapy etc., The present study is to synthesis HfO 2 nanoparticles, and check its cell viability for in vivo applications. Hafnium oxide nanoparticles of different sizes (8.79, 7.16, 6.78 nm) were synthesized by varying the intervals of stirring time (6 h, 8 h, 12 h) by precipitation method. XRD pattern and Raman spectroscopy revealed that this material crystallizes in a monoclinic structure. SEM images and TEM micrographs showed that the HfO 2 NPs were spherical in shape with an average particle size of below 10 nm. The EDAX spectrum showed that the synthesized nanoparticles were HfO 2 . 3T3 fibroblast cell lines were chosen for cytotoxic study as it mimics the human cells. The aim of this study is to compare the toxicity of different sizes of HfO 2 nanoparticles on interaction with 3T3 fibroblast cell lines. From this study we could infer that smaller sized nanoparticles (6.78 and 7.17 nm) have 86% cell viability even at the concentration of 2500 g/mL.

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Purpose: In radiation therapy, measurement of off‐axis and peripheral dose is a tedious task. The dose distribution along the beam central axis give only part of the information required for an accurate dose description inside the patient. Dose distributions in 2‐D and 3‐D are determined with central axis data in conjunction with off‐axis dose profiles. Combining a central axis dose distribution with off‐axis data results in volume dose matrix that provides 2‐D and 3‐D information on dose distribution. By considering the importance of these two parameters this study investigates and compares the off axis and peripheral dose measurement using Ionization chamber, MOSFET, Radiochromic film and EDR2 film. Methods: In the measurement of off‐axis and peripheral doses 0.6cc farmer type chamber, EDR‐2 film, MD‐55 radiochromic film and MOSFET detectors were used for both 6MV and 15MV beams. The off‐axis and peripheral dose was measured at every 1 cm interval by changing the position of the couch without disturbing the other experimental setup in particular, the phantom with detector position. Results: Readings were obtained for both 6MV and 15MV photon beams at SSD technique for various field size using MOSFET, Ionization chamber and Radiochromic film. The results shows the percentage difference between various detectors for various field sizes. For Peripheral dose measurement were taken from the edge of the field size and for off axis it is measured form central axis dose. Conclusion: In conclusion, our study shows that no detector is ideal and only a comparison between different detectors highlights the weaknesses of each detector. MOSFET provides adequate dose assessment in off‐axis and peripheral regions in 6MV and 15MV photon beams. Film dosimetry in general a convenient method to generate one‐ and two‐dimensional dose distributions. The result of this indicates that MOSFET is flexible tool for relative dosimetry as films.

Purpose: The use of mega voltage gamma and x‐ray sources with their skin sparring qualities in radiation therapy has been a boon in relieving patient discomfort and allowing high tumor doses to be given with fewer restrictions due to radiation effects in the skin. However, high doses given to deep tumors may require careful consideration of dose distribution in the buildup region in order to avoid irreparable damage to the skin. Methods: To measure the perturbation of MOSFET detector in Co60,6MV and 15MV the detector was placed on the surface of the phantom covered with the brass build up cap. To measure the effect of temperature the MOSFET detector was kept on the surface of hot water polythene container and the radiation was delivere. In order to measure the sensitivity variation with accumulated dose Measurements were taken by delivering the dose of 200 cGy to MOSFET until the MOSFET absorbed dose comes to 20,000 cGy Results: the Measurement was performed by positioning the bare MOSFET and MOSFET with brass build up cap on the top surface of the solid water phantom for various field sizes in order to find whether there is any attenuation caused in the dose distribution. The response of MOSFET was monitored for temperature ranging from 42 degree C to 22 degree C. The integrated dose dependence of MOSFET dosimeter sensitivity over different energy is not well characterized. This work investigates the dual‐bias MOSFET dosimeter sensitivity response to 6 MV and 15 MV beams. Conclusion: From this study it is observed that unlike diode, bare MOSFET does not perturb the radiation field.. It is observed that the build‐up influences the temperature dependency of MOSFET and causes some uncertainty in the readings. In the case of sensitivity variation with accumulated dose MOSFET showed higher sensitivity with dose accumulation for both the energies.