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The ability of air traffic controllers to deal with complex situations is a limiting factor in airspace capacity. The underlying airspace structure and other procedural elements are thought to be important factors in reducing a controller's Cognitive Complexity through the use of structure based abstractions. Because Cognitive Complexity cannot be directly observed it must be investigated indirectly. This paper discusses and presents examples of how directly observable states and controllers subjective responses can be used to indirectly probe and gain insight into how structure based abstractions are used to manage Cognitive Complexity.

Direct-writing techniques are adequate tools for rapid prototyping of diverse materials, since they avoid the usage of moulds or masks. Among them, laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT) has become a promising tool for rapid prototyping of microdevices due to the high focusing power of lasers, which provides a high resolution, and also to their non-contact and orifice-free nature, which avoids clogging and thus allows working with a wide range of materials. This makes LIFT an appropriate tool for biosensors preparation. In this article, immunoglobulin (IgG) microarrays were prepared through LIFT varying the laser pulse energy. It was found that there exists a minimum energy threshold, E min , below which no material is deposited. Moreover, an analysis of the droplets volumes revealed a linear dependence of this parameter with the laser pulse energy, what allowed finding the existence of an energy density threshold, which is considered to be the threshold to generate an impulsion on the liquid film that only results in droplet ejection when the total energy overcomes E min . Finally, the bioactivity of the transferred proteins was tested, showing no loss of their activity along the whole laser pulse energy range.

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