Acetic acid is to be kept in mind as one of the alternatives when infection is caused by multiple antibiotic resistant strains of P. aeruginosa. At a time when bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a matter of increasing concern, the value of topical agents such as acetic acid should not be forgotten.

The metabolism of 51 strains within the 'Mycoplasma mycoides cluster' was investigated by measuring oxygen uptake following the addition of organic substrates to washed cell suspensions. There were extensive differences between strains in the range of substrates utilized, the relative rates of oxidation and the observed saturation constants for substrates, which ranged from a f e w pM to several mM. M. mycoides subsp. Capri and M. mycoides subsp. mycoides LC (large colony) strains were diverse and could not be distinguished by substrate utilization patterns. However, there were consistent differences in the patterns of substrate utilization between other groups of the M. mycoides cluster, suggesting that these patterns may be useful in identification. In particular, SC (small colony) strains of M. mycoides subsp. mycoides were distinguished by their inability to oxidize maltose, trehalose and (at low concentrations) mannose and glucosamine. Surprisingly, the type strain, M. F38, of Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae and two further isolates differed from all other strains in that they did not oxidize glucose or other sugars. They did, however, oxidize pyruvate, lactate and 2-oxobutyrate a t high rates. The marked metabolic differences between these strains and M. capricolum subsp. capricolum strains is in contrast to the genetic evidence that was used to support the designation of the M. F38 group as a subspecies of M. capricolum.

Microbiological, histopathological and clinical changes in chronic infected wounds after citric acid treatment Citric acid treatment of chronic infected wounds offers excellent results. It has been found to be effective against a variety of bacteria causing wound infections. In vitro studies have revealed the efficacy of citric acid against bacteria resistant to multiple antibiotics. Clinical results with this treatment showed early formation of healthy granulation tissue and enhancement of the healing process

Nitriles are organic compounds bearing a − C ≡ N group; they are frequently known to occur naturally in both fauna and flora and are also synthesized chemically. They have wide applicability in the fields of medicine, industry, and environmental monitoring. However, the majority of nitrile compounds are considered to be lethal, mutagenic, and carcinogenic in nature and are known to cause potential health problems such as nausea, bronchial irritation, respiratory distress, convulsions, coma, and skeletal deformities in humans. Nitrile-converting enzymes, which are extracted from microorganisms, are commonly termed nitrilases and have drawn the attention of researchers all over the world to combat the toxicity of nitrile compounds. The present review focuses on the utility of nitrile-converting enzymes, sources, classification, structure, properties, and applications, as well as the future perspective on nitrilases.

Diabetic foot infections are the major cause of morbidity. Infection is the common sequel of diabetic foot ulceration that leads to delayed wound healing. These infections are difficult to control. If not addressed well in time, they may lead to amputation of foot. An attempt has been made to develop simple and effective treatment modality by using citric acid as a sole antimicrobial agent to control diabetic foot infections not responding to conventional treatment. Hundred and fifteen cases of diabetic foot ulcers of different Wagner grades infected with a variety of bacteria were investigated for culture and susceptibility, and susceptibility to citric acid. Citric acid gel was applied to ulcer to determine its efficacy in the management of diabetic foot ulcers with different Wagner grades. Citric acid gel was found effective in the control of foot infections; especially in Wagner grades I and II, the success rate was found to be more than 94%. In Wagner grade III also, it was found effective in complete healing of ulcers without deep osteomyelitis. Citric acid treatment is effective in the control of diabetic foot infections and in successful management of diabetic foot ulcers with Wagner grades I and II, and even with Wagner grade III, without deep osteomyelitis.