Bangladesh has been considered as one of the five countries endemic with highly pathogenic avian influenza A subtype H5N1 (HPAI H5N1). Live-bird markets (LBMs) in south Asian countries are believed to play important roles in the transmission of HPAI H5N1 and others due to its central location as a hub of the poultry trading. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations has been promoting improved biosecurity in LBMs in Bangladesh. In 2012, by enrolling 32 large LBMs: 10 with FAO interventions and 22 without assistance, we assessed the virus circulation in the selected LBMs by applying standard procedures to investigate market floors, poultry stall floors, poultry-holding cases and slaughter areas and the overall biosecurity using a questionnaire-based survey. Relative risk (RR) was examined to compare the prevalence of HPAI H5N1 in the intervened and non-intervened LBMs. The measures practised in significantly more of the FAO-intervened LBMs included keeping of slaughter remnants in a closed container; decontamination of poultry vehicles at market place; prevention of crows' access to LBM, market/floor cleaning by market committee; wet cleaning; disinfection of floor/poultry stall after cleaning; and good supply of clean water at market (P < 0.05). Conversely, disposal of slaughter remnants elsewhere at market and dry cleaning were in operation in more of the FAO non-intervened LBMs (P < 0.05). The RR for HPAI H5N1 in the intervened and non-intervened LBMs was 1.1 (95% confidence interval 0.44-2.76), suggesting that the proportion positive of the virus in the two kinds of LBM did not vary significantly (P = 0.413). These observations suggest that the viruses are still maintained at the level of production in farms and circulating in LBMs in Bangladesh regardless of interventions, albeit at lower levels than in other endemic countries.

The study was conducted a four month old Jamunapari doe weighing 15kg that was brought to the SAQ teaching veterinary Hospital, CVASU, Chittagong with the history of unknown cause, loss of appetite and gradual swelling in the pelvic region since one month. Based on clinical examination the case was subjected as a ventral abdominal hernia and corrected by surgical intervention. The case was recovered unevenfully at 10 th postoperative day.

The study was conducted to measure the prevalence of repeat breeding cows and to identify the potential risk factors of Repeat breeding syndrome in commercial dairy farms at Chittagong of Bangladesh during July 2011 to October 2012. A total of 15 government registered dairy farms having 283 cows were surveyed for individual and farm level variables identified using preset questionnaire. Out of them 56 dairy cows was sampled for bacteriological exploration and culture sensitivity test. Overall prevalence of repeat breeder cow in commercial dairying of Chittagong was 11.3%. The univariate analysis screened potential cow level exposure high yielding cows (p=0.02) and cows having peripartum events (dystocia) in last calving (p=0.001). Among farm level exposures, owner educational level (p=0.05), nature of feed offer at farm (p=0.06) were evident to be potential screened factors for repeat breeding. From the 32 repeat breeders, Staphylococcus spp. 13 (40.6%) was isolated as predominant bacteria followed by Escherichia coli 8 (25%), Bacillus spp 6 (18.8%), Corynebacterium spp 6 (18.8%) and Pseudomonas spp 5 (15.6%). The isolates of bacteria were more or less effective against eight antibiotic agents. Gentamicin 36 (97.3%) showed higher sensitivity followed by ceftriaxone 33 (89.2%), chloramphenicol 33 (89.2%) indicates the effectiveness of these antibiotics in treating repeat breeding. Moreover, the identified potential risk factors should be controlled to minimize the economic loss of dairy farms.

A study on Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) was conducted on broiler chicks (N=200+70) of strains: Cobb-500 and Hubbard classic at Laxmipur district of Bangladesh. The blood sample were collected at day old chicks (1 st day), pre-vaccinated flocks (11 th day) and postvaccinated flocks (26 th day), to measure the antibody titer by indirect ELISA method. Maternal derived antibody (MDA) mean titer of day old chicks (N=40) were found 9621.65 ± 780.78 and 4232.60 ± 301.66 for Cobb-500 and Hubbard classic respectively. MDA mean titer was measured at day eleven chicken (N=60) before vaccination and found 1963.00 ± 143 and 984.16 ± 126.4037 respectively. Of these two titers; Cobb-500 strain was found to be protective (>1000) where Hubbard classic was below protective (<1000) titer level. The two flocks of Cobb-500 and Hubbard classic strains of broiler chickens were vaccinated with intermediate (Bursine-2) and intermediate plus (IBD Blen) vaccine respectively at day twelve and serum was harvested on day twenty six. The mean serum titers were found 131.30 ± 36.04 and 7413.54 ± 569.39 in Cobb-500 and Hubbard classic respectively, where mean titer level of Cobb-500 was below the minimum protective level but Hubbard classic strain was developed 7413.54, protective level. These results were indicating that the maternal derived antibody titer persists above 1000 level hindering the development of antibody titer in vaccinated flocks. However, persistence of MDA titer above 1000 may causes of vaccination failure of IBD vaccine.

The present study was the first postmortem examination of a barn owl in Bangladesh. A female Barn owl weighing 450grams was brought to the Teaching Veterinary Hospital (TVH) at Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU) by the forest department, Chittagong. The history of traumatic injury on left wing by an electric fan one day back was recorded. Clinical and radiographic examination revealed an open overriding proximal left metacarpal fracture and was decided for pinning to correct the fracture. Retrograde intramedullary pinning was performed and immobilized the wing by bandage. At postoperative day one, owl was found death and PM was performed to find out the actual clues. Gross postmortem examination revealed chalky whitish layer formed over the heart and liver which indicates pericarditis and perihepatitis. Hemorrhage in the left thigh muscle was also observed. Biochemical examination revealed salmonella organism in the samples of liver and heart. Histopathological examination found tissue changes in the suspected organs. In conclusion, it is revealed that the probable causes of death were inanition, pain shock, unfavorable environment and with salmonella infection.