Text characters embedded in images represent a rich source of information for content-based indexing and retrieval applications. However, these text characters are difficult to be detected and recognized due to their various sizes, grayscale values, and complex backgrounds. Existing methods cannot handle well those texts with different contrast or embedded in a complex image background. In this paper, a set of sequential algorithms for text extraction and enhancement of image using cellular automata are proposed. The image enhancement includes gray level, contrast manipulation, edge detection, and filtering. First, it applies edge detection and uses a threshold to filter out for low-contrast text and simplify complex background of high-contrast text from binary image. The proposed algorithm is simple and easy to use and requires only a sample texture binary image as an input. It generates textures with perceived quality, better than those proposed by earlier published techniques. The performance of our method is demonstrated by presenting experimental results for a set of text based binary images. The quality of thresholding is assessed using the precision and recall analysis of the resultant text in the binary image.

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IEEE 802.16 is standardization for a broadband wireless access in network metropolitan area network (MAN). IEEE 802.16 standard (Wi-Max) defines the concrete quality of service (QoS) requirement, a scheduling scheme and efficient packet scheduling scheme which is necessary to achieve the QoS requirement. In this paper, a novel waiting queue based on downlink bandwidth allocation architecture from a number of rtps schedule has been proposed to improve the performance of nrtPS services without any impaction to other services. This paper proposes an efficient QoS scheduling scheme that satisfies both throughput and delay guarantee to various real and non-real applications corresponding to different scheduling schemes for k=1,2,3,4. Simulation results show that proposed scheduling scheme can provide a tight QoS guarantee in terms of delay for all types of traffic as defined in WiMax standards. This process results in maintaining the fairness of allocation and helps to eliminate starvation of lower priority class services. The authors propose a new efficient and generalized scheduling schemes for IEEE 802.16 broadband wireless access system reflecti ng the delay requirements.

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