Video surveillance systems are widely deployed with large systems for use in strategic places such as home security, public transportation, banks, ATM centers, city centers, airports, and public roads, and play a vital role in protecting critical infrastructures. As various attacks are possible in these systems, identifying attacks and considering suitable security measures are essential. In this paper, we present a detailed review of existing and possible threats in video surveillance, CCTV, and IP-camera systems. This provides insight for the better identification of the security risks associated with the design and deployment of these systems and promotes further research in this emerging field. We also present countermeasures to prevent and protect the surveillance systems from various security attacks.

Abstract-Secure communication is one of the most critical challenging tasks in multi-hop Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Routing protocols of WSNs are highly susceptible to various attacks, which replay the routing information through the malicious node and steal the identities of the valid nodes in a network. The malicious nodes forward the packets far away from the sink, increasing the packet drop ratio, that sluggishes overall network efficiency. In order to overcome this problem, we have designed and implemented a secure trust aware energy efficient adaptive routing (STEAR) for dynamic WSNs. This protocol provides secure, trustworthy and energy efficient routing for multihop networks. STEAR is designed with effective mechanisms to identify the malicious nodes using dynamic secret key (DSK) assignment, trust and energy monitoring, and packets flow status monitoring. Simulation results show that network efficiency and throughput are better and packet drop ratio is reduced compared to earlier works.Index Terms-Dynamic secret key (DSK), energy monitor, secure communication, trust monitor, WSNs. I. INTRODUCTIONTo achieve trust aware routing in multihop environment in WSNs is one of the most challenging tasks. The malicious nodes divert the messages far away from the sink, create congestion and disrupt the communication channels through different overwhelming attacks [1]. Major attacks that affect the multi-hop routing are Sybil attack, Worm Hole attack and Sink Hole attack [2].The effect of these three attacks brings down the network efficiency in both static and mobile sink environments. The impact of these attacks is more in mobile sink environments when compared to static sink networks [3]. These attacks may also cause irreparable damage to the minimum security levels in networks. A. MotivationSecurity is one of the important issues in WSNs. Secure communication in WSN improves network efficiency and throughput. In earlier works, trust and status supervision schemes consider the trust value and energy level of each node while transferring the data from the source to the sink. Bangalore, shaila_ks@yahoo.com, venugopalkr@gmail.com).V. Tejaswi is with the NIT, Suratkal, India (e-mail: tejaswikrv@gmail.com).L. M. Patnaik is with the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India (e-mail: lalitbr@gmail.com).The attackers are still successful to replay the routing information to extract the valid identity. Thus, it is necessary to device a mechanism by considering dynamic secret key (DSK), packet flow status along with trust and energy requirement level to improve the network security, efficiency and throughput. These parameters are illustrated by using an example as shown in Fig. 1. Assume that an event has been generated at node A, then it begins to find a valid neighbour node to forward the packets towards the sink through one of its neighbours such as X, Y, E and C. The routing table of every node maintains the information like the trust level, the energy requirement to drive the packets towards sink, packet fl...

Energy efficiency is one of the critical issues in the Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), since sensor devices are tiny and integrated with a limited capacity battery. In most of the advanced applications, WSNs operate in very harsh areas and not under supervision of human controls. Routing protocols play a significant role in energy balancing by incorporating the techniques that can reduce control overhead, proper data aggregation method and feasible path selection. It demands a unique requirement due to its frequent topology changes and distributive nature. One of the major concerns in the design of routing protocol in WSNs is efficient energy usage and prolonging Network lifetime. This paper mainly discusses different issues related to energy efficiency in routing protocols of all categories. It incorporates most recent routing protocols which improves the energy efficiency in various application environments. This paper also provides comprehensive details of each protocol which emphasize their principles and explore their advantages and limitations. These protocols belong to different classifications based on Network Structures, communication model, topology andQoS parameters. It also includes more relevant and prominent comparisons with all recent State-of-Art works.

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Energy management is one of the critical parameters in Wireless Sensor