In this empirical study, it is considered whether FDI has directly induced long-run effects on output in a selection of East Asian countries or whether such an influence, if any, has been transmitted indirectly through spillover effects. The Johansen cointegration methodology and resultant VECs are employed, and the use of that methodology within a panel framework tested. Equal evidence of negative and positive direct significant long-run relationship between FDI and output in the countries is found in the sample. In addition, indirect spillovers effects are found, which are positive for some country variables and negative for others. There is also an indication that the statistically significant positive spillovers occur in the economically less developed countries.

Using monthly data, this paper investigates whether there are differential effects of monetary policy across bank size and business size in Japan, to test the presence of the "bank lending channel" of monetary policy. It also considers that channel for the aggregate of banks. Prior to the end of 1984, support is found for the bank lending channel and also partly for the money channel. The study of the period from 1985 onwards suggests that no channel of monetary policy has been substantially effective in Japan.