Enteric fever, Dengue and malaria still remain diseases of public health importance in the tropics. Individuals residing in endemic areas are at risk of contracting these infections either concurrently or an acute infection superimposed on a chronic one. This study was undertaken to document patients showing co seropositivity for Enteric fever, Malaria and Dengue and to record the baseline Salmonella antibody titer in voluntary blood donors who represent general population of the area. The present study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology, J.J.M. Medical College, Davangere. Among the 824 febrile patients enrolled with positive serological test for either Typhoid, Dengue or Malaria, 189 patients were found to have co seropositivity to any two of the above diseases on subjecting their serum to Widal test, Dengue ELISA and malaria antigen detection by immunochromatography. A total of 189 patients showed co seropositivity for any of the above mentioned diseases accounting for 22.90%. Typhoid-Dengue was found in 9.83% Typhoid-Malaria in 6.67% and all the three in 0.48%. DengueMalaria co-seropositivity was recorded in 5.94%. The basal titer in healthy population was found to be <1:20. The co seropositivity rate in our study is 22.9% which poses a challenge in the diagnosis and treatment of such patients. As the gold standards culture and microscopy are time consuming and molecular diagnostic tools not a practical reality in many rural and developing primary health centers, simple, rapid and sensitive serological methods are being used as an alternative diagnostic tool in diagnosing atypical co infections which in some instance leads to overwhelming diagnosis of co infections and improper treatment.

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AIDS is characterized by a number of opportunistic infections which are responsible for high morbidity and mortality. The spectrum and distribution of opportunistic infection (OIs) in AIDS patients is due to viral, Bacterial, Fungal cytopathology and are secondary to the failure of both cellular and humeral response with CD4 count of <200 mm 3 leads to morbidity and mortality. Aim of the study: To document the spectrum of Fungal opportunistic infections in various age groups of HIV/AIDS patients and to note the CD4 counts among the group Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive study. Clinically and laboratory confirmed fungal cases of opportunistic infections in HIV patients are recorded, during the one year period from June 2017-May 2018. Blood of these patients processed for CD4 counts, by Partec flow cytometery to assess the immune status among them. Results: Out of 500 HIV seropositive cases, we found 65 of fungal opportunistic infections accounting for 13% of the cases. Majority of opportunistic infections, were in the age group of 31-40 years (37.8%) with predominance of male accounting for 55.2% of the cases. Out of 65 cases, 9.2% had oral candidiasis followed by 1% of vaginal candidaisis with CD4 count <100 mm 3. Conclusions: In our study, predominant lesion observed was oral candidiasis among all the fungal opportunistic infections. Our study will help in programme management and to plan appropriate strategies for the investigation and treatment of common OIs as a part of management programme for HIV infected populations.

Background: This study was conducted to evaluate the surgical and obstetric outcome, safety and feasibility of various laparoscopic surgeries for non-obstetric indications in pregnancy. Methods: We did a retrospective analysis of 18 pregnant patients who underwent laparoscopic surgeries. Study period was from October 2013 till September 2015 conducted in Radhakrishna multispeciality hospital /IVF center Bangalore. Patients operated are 6 cases cholicystectomy, 6 cases appendicectomy, 5 adnexal mass removals, one salpingectomy for heterotopic pregnancy resulted from ART. All patients were between 11 to 32 weeks of gestation, with mean gestational age 21±6.5 weeks at the time of surgery and mean duration of surgery was 46±16.3 minutes. Results: All eighteen pregnant patients had uneventful hospital courses after laparoscopic procedures. Mean duration of hospital stay after surgery was 43±8.5 hours. One pregnancy was terminated at 11 weeks for suspected ovarian malignancy and 16 delivered full-term babies without complications, one patient delivered preterm at 35 weeks with NICU admission. The mean birth weight at the time of delivery was 2.8±550 gms. There was no maternal morbidity or mortality, or any identifiable neonatal birth defect. No conversion to laparotomy required in any case. Conclusions: Laparoscopic surgeries can be done in any trimester of pregnancy, but more safe and feasible during the second and early third trimester of pregnancy. Laparoscopic surgeries are as safe as laparotomy in the hands of experienced laparoscopic surgeon with no deleterious effects on either mother or fetus.

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