On axial extension of polymer melts at constant deformation rates, the development of high‐elastic deformation is of predominant importance during the initial period. High‐elastic deformation is accompanied by a rise in viscosity and in the modulus of high‐elasticity and by retardation of the relaxation processes in the region of large relaxation times. At relatively low deformation rates, the rise in viscosity and high‐elasticity modulus and the retardation of relaxation processes may give way to a decrease in viscosity and high‐elasticity modulus and acceleration of relaxation processes, so that stationary flow regimes are attained. The transition from strain regimes with increasing viscosity and modulus of high elasticity to those with a decrease of these quantities corresponds to an increase in the rate of accumulation of irreversible deformation. Accordingly, a competing influence due to the orientation effect and to destruction of the network of intermolecular bonds becomes evident while stationary flow is being attained. The orientation effect must be responsible for the retardation of the relaxation processes, whereas rupture of the intermolecular network bonds results in structural relaxation accelerating relaxation processes. In contrast to shearing, during extension the orientation effect is of predominant importance. Hence in stationary flow regimes the viscosity may not only remain independent of the rate of strain, but even increase with it. In this case the contribution of the large relaxation times to the relaxation spectrum increases with increasing stress in stationary flow regimes. The fact that the longitudinal viscosity and the modulus of high elasticity are independent of the stress in stationary flow regimes does not guarantee linearity of the mechanical properties of the polymer in the prestationary stage of deformation when complex changes occur in its relaxation characteristics. At high deformation rates the viscosity and the modulus of high elasticity keep rising with increasing deformation until rupture occurs. Determination of the strength of polystyrene samples vitrified after extension showed that it is due not to the entire degree of extension, but only to the value of accumulated high‐elastic deformation. The strength of the vitrified samples is to a first approximation independent of the rate at which the melt was extended.

No abstract

An apparatus is described and a method discussed for determining the rheological characteristics of elastic liquids during extension at constant rates of deformation and extension. The material studied was polyisobutylene of molecular weight 7 × 104. At low constant deformation rates steady‐flow regimes were achieved, with corresponding equilibrium high elastic strains. A detailed study has been made of the process of attainment of steady‐flow regimes and it is shown that before steady flow is reached the curve of longitudinal viscosity versus strain passes through a maximum. As the rate of deformation rises, the strains at which steady–state flow regimes are achieved increase, and the time required to reach these regimes decreases. Qualitatively this occurs in the same way as upon shear. The dependence of equilibrium high‐elastic strains (under steady‐flow regimes) on the rate of deformation has been determined. At steady‐flow regimes the stress depends linearly on the rate of deformation at low values of the stress. Under such conditions Trouton's formula is valid. At constant rates of extension the stress versus time curve passes through a maximum which becomes higher with increasing extension rates.

Socialist Republics and B. V. RADUSHKEVICH, AL1-Union Research Institute of Man-made Fibres, Kalinin, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Synopsis Uniaxial stretching and orientation of some linear flexible-chain polymers have been investigated.A functional relation has been found between the maximum recoverable deformation and the limiting extension of the macromolecules. These deformations are found to increase in direct proportion t o the square root of the degree of polymerization and to decrease with increasing stiffness of the polymer chain. EXPERIMENTALPolymers with a wide molecular weight distribution were studied: three samples of a copolymer of acrylonitrile, methyl methacrylate, and itaconic acid