Mineral deficiency limits crop production in most soils and in Asia alone, about 50% of rice lands are phosphorous deficient. In an attempt to determine the mechanism of rice adaptation to phosphorous deficiency, changes in proteome patterns associated with phosphorous deficiency have been investigated. We analyzed the parental line Nipponbare in comparison to its near isogenic line (NIL6-4) carrying a major phosphorous uptake QTL (Pup1) on chromosome 12. Using 2-DE, the proteome pattern of roots grown under 1 and 100 microM phosphorous were compared. Out of 669 proteins reproducibly detected on root 2-DE gels, 32 proteins showed significant changes in the two genotypes. Of them, 17 proteins showed different responses in two genotypes under stress condition. MS resulted in identification of 26 proteins involved in major phosphorous deficiency adaptation pathways including reactive oxygen scavenging, citric acid cycle, signal transduction, and plant defense responses as well as proteins with unknown function. Our results highlighted a coordinated response in NIL in response to phosphorous deficiency which may confer higher adaptation to nutrient deficiency.

A thorough chemical analysis on the composition of developing soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seeds does not appear in the literature. Several investigators have determined protein and oil, while others have determined the carbohydrates. The purpose of this study was to make a thorough analysis of the developing soybean seed, including protein, oil, sugars, starch, organic acids, and amino acids. Soybean seeds from ‘Harosoy 63’ grown in the field and ‘Steele’ grown in the greenhouse were analyzed for these components from 10 days after flowering, at 10‐day intervals, to maturity. These components accounted for 75% of the dry weight of the seed. The remaining dry weight of the seed is in cellulose, crude fiber, and ash. Oil and protein (mg/seed) increased until maturity in Harosoy 63 but leveled off before maturity in Steele. When oil and protein are expressed as percentage dry weight, similar patterns were observed for both cultivars. The sugars glucose, fructose, galactose, sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose were all detected in the soybean seed. Raffinose and stachyose were not detected until 50 and 40 days after flowering in Harosoy 63 and Steele, respectively. Starch reached a maximum value of 14.6 mg/seed in Harosoy 63 and 7.9 mg/seed in Steele at 40 and 30 days after flowering, respectively. Starch then declined sharply in both varieties. The water soluble polysaccharide (mg/seed) fraction showed a steady rise for both varieties throughout the study, but declined as percent of dry weight. The concentration of organic acids was low, with glycolic, succinic, malic, and citric being detected. Citric acid was detected in the greatest quantity. Seventeen amino acids and one unknown component were detected in the amino acid analysis. Of the amino acids detected, seven showed increases while three amino acids as well as the unknown showed decreases. Analysis of variances and standard error of the mean were performed on the data for each trait in each variety using a completely randomized design with specific tests for linear regression over the 70 or 60 days after flowering. In addition, quadratic regression was run for starch. Simple correlation coefficients were also found between all the traits studied and can be obtained upon request.

Winter and spring types of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) were compared in three tests. Two separate tests, one of 26 winter‐type lines and the other of 25 winter‐type lines, each compared winter types with five spring‐type cultivars developed in Iran. Both tests were sown in the fall and in the spring in the 1973–74 season. A third test, which included selected materials from the first two tests, was sown in October, April, and May of the 1974–75 season. A two‐replicate split‐plot design was used for each test, with planting dates the main plots, and lines and cultivars as subplots.The tests showed that, on the average, winter types survived better and yielded more seed and oil than did spring types in fall plantings during 1973–74, when the minimum temperature recorded during the growing season was –14.4C, but in 1974–75, when the minimum temperature recorded during the growing season was –7.6C, yield and survival were similar. Winter types flowered about the same time as spring types when both were sown in the fall, but were about 3 weeks later than spring types when sown in the spring; winter types were taller than spring types; yields of seed/ha were higher for whiter types than for spring types in fall plantings in 1973–74, but not in 1974–75; and winter types were distinctly inferior to spring types in spring plantings. Fall‐planted winter type safflower yielded more than spring‐planted safflower and exceeded fall‐planted, spring‐type safflower in yield during the cold (–14.4 C) winter.

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